Building and Construction for Fire Resisting - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theBuilding and Construction for Fire Resisting. Answer: Development As per the general arrangements of Australias National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1,Section A, Part A1 Subsection A1.1, a Fire Source Feature is characterized basically as the region where a fire may start from or spread to. The outside mass of a structure inside a similar parcel or the limit of a street adjoining the given property may speak to it. From the drawings gave, the separations of the closest Fire Source Feature are as per the following; North is 2460 mm East is 3031 mm South is 1153 mm West is 6015 mm Fire Resisting Level Imperviousness to fire is appropriate to a component of a structure. Each component of a bulding has a Fire Resisting Level that is reasonable for that particular component. As per the general arrangements of Australias National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1,Section A, Part A1 Subsection A1.1, Fire Resisting Level(FRL) is characterized as the obstruction offered by a component of a structure to the section of fire and is usuly estimated in minutes. For a divider made up solid squares with the thickness of cement and with a thickness of 135mm will have a protection rating of 180 minutes while that with a thickness of 160mm will have a protection rating of 240 minutes(Standard Australia, 2015). From the abovementioned, we can see that the base prerequisite is a divider with material thickness 135mm that would give a protection rating of 180 mm. From the general arrangements of Australias National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1,Section A, Part A2 Subsection A2.3Table 1, the base Fire Resisting revel for the structure will be 180/180/180 for basic ampleness, trustworthiness and protection individually. Availability and Evacuation Availability an) Access and Egress prerequisites are intended to guarantee that individuals will be given a protected and appropriate access into the structure along with the administrations and offices that are situated inside the building(NCC Volume 1, Section D, Part DO1). The necessities for Access and Egress in proposed venture at the storm cellar 1 carpark are the structure and its stopping ought to be available from the neighboring regions and ought to oblige individuals with inabilities. The structure agrees to the base necessities of the BCA. A portion of the stopping openings are saved for people with physical difficulties. b) The necessities for people with incapacities in the primary floor incorporate the arrangement of inclines, steps and lifts(where pertinent) with legitimate signage and sufficient space to pass or turn at purposes of crossing point in the path. All the necessities that a structure needs to meet to fulfill the BCA are illustrated in the National Code of Construction Volume 1, Section D, Part D3. Departure The quantity of ways out required from this structure from: Storm cellar level 1 2 The National Code of Construction Volume 1, Section D, Part D1, Subsection D1.2, Clause (c) Subclause (I) and (ii) gives at least two exits in the cellar except if the zone of the floor surpasses 50m2 or the separation to the exit from any point doesn't surpass 20 m The cellar of the proposed venture has a territory of 583.57 50m2 and the movement separation to the exit from any piece of the floor surpasses 20m. This implies at least 2 ways out are required. Ground floor level The proposed venture building can be delegated a class 3 structure. This implies it must not have under 2 ways out per strorey particularly where the structures compelling tallness surpasses 25 meters. Travel Distances The National Code of Construction Volume 1, Section D, Part D1, Subsection D1.4, Clause (a) Subclause (I) and (ii) gives necessities in building development to class 2 and 3. The separation to the exit must not be more than 6m for a sole inhabitance building 20m for a storeyed structure with a solitary exit. Book index Standard Australia, 2015. AS 3700:2011. Brick work Structures. Sydney: Standard Australia Ltd. National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1,Section A, Part A1 Subsection A1.1. National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1,Section A, Part A2 Subsection A2.3Table 1. National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1, Section D, Part DO1. National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1, Section D, Part D3. National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1, Section D, Part D1, Subsection D1.2, Clause (c) Subclause (I) and (ii). National Construction Code Series(2015) Volume 1, Section D, Part D1, Subsection D1.4, Clause (a) Subclause (I) and (ii).

Understanding Playwork Principles free essay sample

Quickly clarify why it is significant that the cooperation together when supporting youngsters and youthful people’s play. (3 denotes) The group should know about all the youngsters circumstances, to all work a similar way and give a typical and solid help or pace of activity. Additionally, through watching kid’s needs, the group can share what they have spotted and from that point set the play setting as indicated by their necessities, different preferences. Simultaneously, the group is mindful to act cooperatively to keep the space safe and â€Å"organised† for the children to appreciate completely of their opportunity to play and take its the vast majority, for a similar explanation the group should be prepared to react, trigger and challenge to children’s signals. 2. Quickly clarify the job of playworkers going about as promoters for play. (3 imprints) As promoters for play, we need to improve the child’s play condition by: †¢offering, empowering and giving play openings considering their individual and aggregate needs, †¢ Providing equivalent open doors for each child regardless of their experiences or wellbeing conditions. Tuning in to their inclinations and thoughts, reacting to their solicitations and testing, †¢Supporting and advancing their turn of events. †¢Observing any pointer that may propose they are experiencing any maltreatment or being disregarded and make a move to ensure and support them. †¢Developing a youngster place approach and self-order play 3. Clarify three distinct strategies a playwork group can use to help youngsters and youthful people’s play. (3 imprints) †¢OBSERVATION: watching kids in their play procedure to see: - Their turn of events (social, enthusiastic, singular, scholarly,.. - Check the assets gave to help their necessities. Evaluating, a short time later, these perceptions to improve the feeble focuses and upgrade the solid ones. Check we have shown enough assets and whether the set arrangement is valuable and spread kid’s needs. - Observe our intercession towards reacting to children’s signals, regardless of whether we are meddling or not and whether we are supporting kid’s needs in the correct manner or on the off chance that they could be improved. - Check we are satisfying wellbeing and security approaches and hazard evaluation fittingly, stay up with the latest and change them at whatever point it is essential. †¢PLANNING and PROCURING RESOURCES: Setting an arrangement covering the five territories of improvement (SPICE) as the setting permits us and reacting to children’s demands as per their ages, guaranteeing we are supporting and covering their necessities just as offering equivalent chances, considering: - Health and security and hazard appraisals - The showcase of the assets regarding various regions of play (loosen up corner, building games, understanding corner, workmanship table, dolls, extravagant dresses, tents,. ) - The children approach all assets, disposing of (decreasing) every single imaginable boundary that may forestall any of them to appreciate of their self-coordinated openly picked play. . Clarify the significance of adjusting the requirements and privileges of individual kids and youngsters with the necessities and privileges of others. (3 denotes) Every child and individual must be regarded and ensured as a person with his/her own particular needs and attributes, who simultaneously will associate with others and their needs and characters. In this way, when all being together we need to guarantee that we are supporting them as people as a similar time we offer them an agreeable domain to build up their mingling abilities 5. Clarify three different ways playworkers can affect the play space. 3 imprints) 1. Giving an inviting and decent condition for the children, task setting, and perfect, welcoming and safe space. 2. Partaking or venturing back on their play. Getting include when they require, that is, reacting to their signals and see when they are appreciating all alone and needn't bother with us. 3. Playworkers’ abilities: individual and expert, playwork highlights and characteristics: dynamic, onlooker, with activity, congenial, bargain, clever, incline, testing, mindful we are models for the children, readiness to improve and broaden information and preparing 6. Clarify three different ways youngsters and youthful people’s play can affect individuals from the playwork group. (3 denotes) Every manner by which kids and youngsters? s play will affect us, being it positive or negative. By and by, when kids or youngsters are playing demonstrating negative angles towards different children or individual from the staff, for example, the followings, will influence us such that we should intercede in their play or make further move: Violence: if the kids are playing in such a manner (being it verbal, mental or physical) they are harassing other kid/kids associated with the play. The way that they are utilizing such conduct show that they might be living in a domain with brutality and misuse, or they might be encountering some close to home challenges, and in this way they are duplicating, replicating and understanding their outrage in they play setting. In the event that it would occur, we should check the children included are protected and make a move and discover why this individual is carrying on in such a manner a give him/her the best approach to sift through it and shield and bolster him/her. Contingent upon the issue, after it being talked about in the workforce gathering and being accounted for, it would need to be passed to social administrations, youngster assurance on the off chance that it was required. - Sexual ramifications: That is genuine that in youngsters and youngsters there is a natural procedure of revelation of their and other? s sexuality. In any case, it can happen that a few kids or youngsters show unseemly practices towards different children or youngsters, not being in accordance with their ages. For instance, utilizing sexual language, doing unequivocal games between them or before some other or to different children. On the off chance that this would occur, we should intercede and discover why that individual acts in that manner since it would be an indication of maltreatment in their home or environmental factors. Thus, we should report it and make further move conversing with social administrations, family. - Discrimination: If the kids or youngsters are separating others, being through their play, conduct or language in light of, for instance, the other kids’ beginning, culture, language, social foundation, appearance or any handicap, they are abusing them and breaking their obligation towards their privileges. Along these lines, we will intercede to discover why this individual is carrying on in such ill bred manner, remembering that it might be brought about by issues back at their homes, a few issues at the school, or experiencing an individual troublesome second 7. Quickly clarify the idea of ‘leadership’ inside the setting of a playwork group. (3 imprints) Playwork group great administration will offer quality to children and guardians. All individuals from the staff satisfy driving jobs in various manners and are engaged with the improvement of the procedure. Debbie Garvey and Andrea Lancaster, 2010) For the situation of the administrator the accompanying expertise, capacities, characteristics and obligations would make will make it fruitful: - Organizational capacity, congenial, great audience, acting mindful and following techniques, reasonable, submitted, mindful and applying wellbeing/s and shielding policies(as well as they are being satisfy by everyone), conveying a decent act of the playwork standards and youngsters? rights, controlling and critical thinking. - Lead the group in an even and informative manner just as relegating undertakings to the individual from the group in a reasonable, equalitarian and conscious way. Tuning in to the group? s needs and recommendations, helping them to improve (examinations). - Updating preparing, intelligent practice and appraisals. - Dealing with kids, group, guardians, school, office and outer bodies (social administrations, hospital†¦) to help them and keep the classification. On account of the playworkers, adhering to their administrator direction and guidelines and regarding him/er all things considered, they likewise create driving jobs as in they are dynamic members with in the play setting and group; driving play arrangements and thoughts, doing obligations on the checking of the play setting and its security just as the child? s one, notwithstanding their drive, perceptions and duty.

Words of the Week! Elusive, Illusive, Allusive Richmond Writing

Words of the Week! Elusive, Illusive, Allusive Richmond Writing This week we have a pair of homonyms, illusive and elusive, that students confuse. OED links are given. At a colleagues suggestion I added a quasi-literary term that we rarely encounter, allusive. The mnemonic for getting them sorted out is not too difficult, so well have a go at it now. If something is illusive, think of an illusion. It only seems real. It deceives you, as in His quest a quick fortune led him toward many illusive investments, all of which collapsed. Elusive is something that eludes us, so While he invested a lot of money, good returns on his investments remained elusive. I well recall my first highway travel as a child. I kept warning my father of water ahead on the road. These were illusions, mirages. All such are illusive. Writers may know, and use, literary allusions. Something that is allusive alludes to something else, literary or ordinary, as in The states early and difficult frontier history left so many allusive place names: Last Chance, Broken Promise, Dead Man, Murder Creek. Since all three words sound nearly alike when spoken, its best to try the mnemonics given, before writing anything down. Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.

The Organization Of Financial And Commodity Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3679 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The financial market is a system that allows investors to buy and sell financial securities such as bonds, stocks, currencies, and different forms of derivatives. Also traded in this market are commodities such as diamonds, precious metals and agricultural products. Due to the rapid growth in cross border trade, capital flows and technological advancements over the years, these markets have had to evolve with changing times because most companies have become international institutions, hence they need international agreements. (.Clark et al 1993). These markets act as an intermediary for buyers and sellers. Its a place where potential lenders and borrowers come together. Since its inception, various events have forced the financial markets to evolve dramatically into the market we know it as today. There are different types of financial markets. These are; The Capital market- This market can be divided into two which are the debt market and the equity market. T hree main capital markets are the US, the UK and the Japanese market.. The Foreign exchange market which involves the trading of foreign currency for example the Eurocurrency market next the Derivative market- financial instruments such as options, futures, and forwards are sold in this kind of market. This is another category of the capital market. lastly, is the commodity market. This does not deal with trading financial instruments but rather it deals with the trade of commodities. This discuss explicitly examine the role of financial and commodity in worldwide investment, production and consumption, the opportunities and risk arising from the international context. An Equity market is a market in which shares are traded and issued. It could either be public or private. In an equity market which is also called the stock exchange market, stocks are listed and traded between individuals and organizations. Companies who are listed on the stock market take advantage of its benefit s because the stock market is a vital way in which companies can raise capital by selling shares. By buying a company share, the investor owns a percentage of the company depending in the volume of shares purchased and in return the company pays dividend. Just like the bond market, issuing of shares requires an issuer, syndicate bank and an underwriter in order to ensure a successful listing. According to Clark, there are three major equity markets in the world; they are the US, Japan and the UK. (Clark. E et al, 1993 pg 507). These markets carry out the same function however they differ in their set up. The Debt market is another type of financial market; however this market is not as big as that of the FOREX on the basis of daily trading. However the market capitalization of this market is the biggest with only the US bond market which is largest bond market with a market capitalization of $31.2trillion (SIFMA website). Bonds are widely regarded as risk-free securities however this only applies to government bonds. Bonds are debt instruments which are issued by governments or large company and they pay out a fixed cash flow during the life of the bond and at the end the principle is paid back bonds could either be short, medium or long-term. There are three types of international bonds. These are domestic, foreign and Eurobonds. Domestic bonds according to its name are bonds issued by a domestic company into the domestic market in the domestic currency. Foreign bonds share the same characteristics as the domestic bonds; the only difference is that they are issued by foreign companies. Foreign bonds in the US market are known as Yankee Bonds whilst the ones in the Japanese market are called Samurai bonds. Finally, Eurobonds are bonds that are issued in countries other than the country in which the bond is denominated. Bonds can be issued by any government or large company; however the main bond markets are the U.S, U.K and Japanese markets. A foreign ex change market (FOREX) according to Ephraim Clark is a market where an exchange of a demand deposit denominated in one currency for another demand deposit denominated in another currency takes place. (Clark. E et al, 1993, pg142). The foreign exchange market evolved dramatically in d 1970s due to the fall of the Bretton woods system and soon became the largest single most liquid financial market in d world with a daily turnover of $3.98 trillion, in April 2010, which represented a 20% from 2007. (BIS, Sept 2007). However participation in the foreign exchange market has increased tremendously and this is due to fund managers and investors. Investors has moved into the foreign exchange market and use it as hedge funds and pension funds with the most traded currencies being the US dollar, the pound sterling, the Japanese yen and the Euro. According to Maurice.D Levi, The foreign exchange market is the most active market in the world, with the U.K accounting for 36.7% of the market follo wed by U.S and then Japan (Maurice,1996:31) Although the foreign exchange market involves the exchange of currencies, however, buyers and sellers dont physically bring currencies to be exchanged Currencies are traded through the interbank market. This is an informal arrangement of large banks and foreign exchange brokers and this is done via SWIFT that links everyone together. Participating in a foreign market is open to anyone; however there are just a few players who are actively involved in the forex market. These include Commercial banks, Central banks, Multinational Corporation (MNC), Fund managers and hedge fund speculators. However central banks are present to control the money supply and to some extent control the exchange rate. Derivative refers to a broad classification of financial instrument which normally include options and futures. This instrument derive their value from the price and other related variables of the underlying asset (Vashishtha, 2010:16) Derivati ve can get its meaning from deriving something from something else like the you derive petrol from crude oil thus the price of petrol depends on the price of crude oil. A Derivative is a contract between a buyer and a seller entered today regarding a transaction to be completed at a future point in time (Deutsche borse Group: White paper:6) Section 2(ac) of Securities Contract Regulation (SCRA) 1956 defines a derivative as (a)a security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan, whether secured and unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of securities. (b)a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices or underlying securities. Derivatives is done on commodity, precious metal like gold and silver, foreign exchange rate like currencies, bonds of different types, different range of maturities also on shares. Participant in the derivative market are Hedgers who use derive market to reduce and eliminate risk ass ociated with price of an asset, arbitrageurs who take advantage of discrepancy between prices of more or less the same asset or competing asset in different market and speculators. Instrument Traded on Derivative Market are Option, Futures and Swaps. An Option is a contract that gives its owner the right for a given period of time to buy or sell a given amount of an underlying asset at a fixed price, called the exercise or the strike price.(Clark,2002:181).An option is a contract that conveys the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a financial instrument.(Walmsley,(1996):194.We have options on foreign exchange and interest rate ,Options on currencies and debt instrument. Options are the standardized financial contracts that allow the buyer (holder) of the option, not an obligation to buy (call options) or sell (put options) a specified asset at a set price on or before a specified date through exchanges. Options are of two types: Call options and Put options. A call option gives the owner the right, not the obligation, to buy the underlying financial asset or commodity. A put option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell the underlying financial asset or commodity. Future is a contract to deliver, or take delivery of, a financial instrument at a future date (Walmsey,1996:163).Futures contract are traded on exchanges that work as a buyer or seller for the counterparty..Future is a standardized derivative contract for the delivery or receipt of a specific amount of an underlying, at a set price, on a certain date in the future. Futures are traded on derivative markets (Deutsche borse Group: White paper:6 )Futures can be traded in currency, share/stock, bonds, commodities stock indexes,. Individuals, companies, and even market making commercial banks can trade on the floor of the futures exchange. A Swap may be defined as barter or exchange a swap is an agreement between two or more parties to exchange stream of cash flow s over a period of time in the future. (Vashishtha, 2010:20)Swap can also be to alternate or give something in exchange.]The different party that agrees to swap are known as counter parties. The two most commonly used swaps are interest rate swaps and currency swap. Swaps are most desired to those who are investing or borrowing in foreign currency. More importantly Swaps are most popular with banks because of the risk involved in future contracts. COMMODITY MARKETS: Commodities are physical goods like raw materials and they are measurable in size, Commodity markets is a place where this raw materials and good can be exchanged. These raw commodities are bought and sold at exchanges or over the counter markets. Commodity markets can be divided into: Markets for energy, Metals and Minerals, Agricultural commodities, and other miscellaneous commodities(Clark,2002:514)Data as regard commodities can be gotten from data vendors like Bloomberg ,Reuters, to mention a few and also from commodity exchanges websites for example www.cbot.com,www.lme.co.uk.. Some of the most important exchanges are Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, NYMEX/COMEX, London International Financial Futures Exchange, London Metal Exchange and the international Petroleum Exchange. The major market participants for commodity market are producers, the industrial end consumers and the trading companies that bring buyers and sellers together. Also, they exists financial companies such as banks, brokers and insurers and distribution/transportation service providers that balance the effort of the players. ORGANISATIONS REGULATING INTERNATIONAL THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM The international economic and financial environment we have today can be described as been comprised of a number of sovereign nation states with distinct internal organisation structures competing against one another according to a set of guidelines determined by multilateral negotiation and monitored by the moral authority of the international organization created for that purpose (Clark, 2002). The international monetary system is the structure inside which countries borrow, lend, buy, sell and make payment across political frontiers (Clark,2002:93)the whole financial system plays a very important and a crucial role in the well functioning of the economic stability of the world. Several bodies have been created to facilitate international trade which includes International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organisation (WHO), European Community now European Union (EU), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The International Monetary Fund is the Multilateral Organisation charged with encouraging global financial stability .As such conducts surveillance, lends to countries with balance of payment difficulties, to provide temporary financial support policies aimed at correcting the underlying problems and provides technical assistance and training.(IMF PROFILE) . The IMF was given the authority to collect and distribute reserves in order to promote international monetary cooperation, smooth the process of growth of trade, promote exchange rate stability, establish a system of multilateral payment and create a reserve base.(Clark,2002) The World Bank formally known as (International bank for Reconstruction and Development) is an institution whose objective is the promotion, worldwide, of sustainable economic investment and poverty reduction it pursues this objective through lending, through the production of research and economic analysis and through provision of policies advice and giving technical assistance. The World trade organization (WTO) its an organization for liberalizing trade. Its a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements among themselves member government go to the WTO to sort out any trade problems they have with one another. It helps trade flow as freely as possible to remove any obstacle as to do with trad e among member government Another key player is the European Union (EU) formally known as European Community (EC) this has become a major economic and financial force. The European Union is primarily concerned with managing the European marketplace by eliminating barriers trade and facilitating movement across borders The EU ranks among the United States and Japan as a giant of world trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was first signed in 1947. This is an agreement that was designed to provide an international forum that encouraged free trade between member states by regulating and reducing tariffs on traded goods and by providing a common mechanism for resolving trade disputes, among member countries. All the above institutions regulate the international financial system, and also facilitates relationships across borders. ROLES OF FINANCIAL AND COMMODITY MARKETS IN WORLDWIDE INVESTMENT, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. The international financial syst em comprises financial markets, products and institutions financial markets play a critical role in worldwide investment, production and consumption starting from Mobilization of funds, Allocation of funds, Hedging and reducing risk, Facilitate cross border transactions, Improve foreign direct investment, Fostering of entrepreneurial activity, Diversification of risk, Facilitate exchange of goods and services. First, Financial market play important role in mobilization of funds it mobilize the fund globally which is to generate funds from different suitable sources that assures cost effectiveness and time efficiency. To mobilize is to arrange or gather funds together this can be done in the financial market by using financial instruments such as equity, debt, foreign exchange and derivative, it is the role of the financial market to ensure that these funds are effectively mobilized. Second, it has a role on effective allocation of funds; it looks for funds and transfer funds f rom those who have excess to those who need funds. And also to ensure funds are used in the way promised by the borrower. Financial market should be able to allocate funds in most profitable sectors that will offer the highest possible returns. Therefore it helps in worldwide investment. Third, Financial system should be able to move risky long term, illiquid claims on borrowers into safer, short term that savers prefer. When savings are allocated more efficiently the national income in the country is increased and therefore makes the economy productive. Forth, Efficient and reliable financial markets will more willingly attract domestic and foreign investments which, in turn, will contribute to the Governments broader policy objectives of increased employment and sustainable economic growth. Fifth, Financial markets facilitate cross border transactions, for example one can invest and own securities in another economy. This helps in international diversification and thus re ducing country specific risk. Foreign investment accelerates the productivity of host countries and promotes economic development. Higher levels of investment lead to positive spillovers growing the returns to and incentives for higher levels of investment Also, Financial markets fosters entrepreneurial activity by because without financial market households will be self financing and maybe just allocate the funds anyhow but financial market look at (1) how much you earn (2) how much to consume (3) how much to save and allocate to fund thus, the individual aspiring to be entrepreneur can borrow from the market and because of the ability to borrow and lend it help the individual to be productive and this hereby helps in production and smooth consumption levels. Financial and commodity market allows capital flows between countries, and this enhances the overall investment of a country. Financial market encourages people to save; lack of financial market makes it difficult for people to save, and this therefore will result in low savings rate which reduces the overall levels of investment and this will slow the economy down. Low savings makes it difficult for entrepreneurs in the economy to borrow and thus will not be productive. The increase of technological marketing experience and other ideas across national borders has also contributed to a more productive economy. Commodity markets has been an alternative to investing in stocks and bond this is because it has created a channel for diversification therefore have played a key role as an alternative asset class for investors. Commodities also move up when stocks go down. Their roles in economic development include the following. One of the roles of commodity market is to set prices of goods and services this can also be a fair price determination role, all the available information in the market must be used to determine a suitable price in the market between the buyer and sellers of the commo dity .They must ensure that they is no price mismatch in order to make the market efficient. The commodity market offers unique performance opportunities for investors in physical commodities giving investors the opportunity to hedge, especially during the time of inflation an investor can buy today to sell later; this thereby helps worldwide investment because cash benefit is produced in the period of unexpected inflation. It offers a means for trading linking producers and users, and between different products in the market, and thus enhances worldwide investment, production and consumption. This is because the international framework for commodity market has expanded .If an economy for example Chicago Board of Trade can sell soybeans to Kansas City Market which in turn can sell wheat, and this will have a good effect on their balance of payment. Additionally, it reduces price volatility and risk Volatility is The relative rate at which the price of a security moves up an d down when demand weakens price go down and when they is shortage of some products in the market prices go up and therefore the producers will produce more in this period, This is like swing and this constant re-balancing helps avoid boom and bust cycles. These therefore enhance production. In addition, it reduces risk as farmers, producers, to, and allows market participants to better plan their production yield, consumption and capital spending budgets. In conclusion it reduce the search, information and transaction cost this mean that even though you are your country you can trade another country commodity without having to go that country the financial commodity market bridges the gap between this countries. THE OPPORTUNITIES ARISING FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE They are enormous opportunities that arise from international trade this includes opportunities for profit, growth, and career advancement and especially now that they is rapid expansion of worldwide financial mark et. The opportunities include. They are opportunities for rapid growth and development because as the economy trades it has a significant effect on the GDP which is a major indicator of growth. Opportunities for arbitrage also exist because investors can take opportunities to buy low in a different market and sell high in a different market hereby making a risk free profit It gives opportunities for emerging markets like India,Argentina,Mexican,Russian and Brazil to also trade with developed market, this is also helping to develop this emerging markets gradually to make them developed. It gives investor the opportunity to choose among a wide range of choices of investments, different markets and different products this is an opportunity for diversification. It gives opportunity for comparative advantage, an economy can increase it balance of trade by specializing in the good that it has comparative advantage and trading the good for the other. This hereby allows both countries to become richer. It gives opportunities for idle or low wage labour markets to migrate to countries with reasonably low employment rates this has enabled workers to receive better incomes and learn new skills thus enhancing their production and consumption.(Isard,2005:5) In conclusion it gives the opportunity to have access to the whole world economy because different economies and individual can trade among themselves giving them access to advanced technologies. RISK ARISING FROM INTERNATIONAL TRADE International trade also has its own risk because they are two sides to a coin. The risks identified are discussed below. The most arguably considered is the exchange rate risk this is the most obvious risk of the international market. Most times investors eventually pay far more than they bargained for due to the exchange rate. In the world today, international transactions and settlements are carried out at separate times, therefore companies know how much th ey are expected to pay in the future by estimating future spot rate however the expected future rate does not turn out to be the actual exchange rate. (D.O Cushman, Effects of exchange rate risk on international trade) Also most multinationals are at the risk of losing a share of their profits went requiting monies cross borders due to the instability of exchange rates. Also, is Labour-risk the structural issue facing developed nations such as US and UK is that the amount of high quality, high productivity labour that will be mobilized over the next decade in the emerging markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China) is likely to be in the hundreds of millions and this would displace jobs that would otherwise be created in the developed markets therefore leading to unemployment (Bryan, L, Globalization critical imbalances). Bryan fears that an international market would eventually lead to high unemployment in developed nations because companies would be able to outsource high quality labour at a cheaper rate. Due to discrepancy in the price of labour, companies might even move their whole operation cross borders thereby increasing the unemployment rate in the developed countries. Bryans fear is however fast becoming a reality, because in the world today most manufacturing companies are moving the operations to places like China and services are also being imported from places like India. Transportation risk is also an important risk as regards commodities this includes freight risk as commodities are exported cross boarder which will definitely needs to be insured hereby giving opportunity for additional cost. Culture and institutional differences is also to be considered because the trade involves different countries and different investors which they might be unfamiliar with the local trading rules of the parties involved. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Organization Of Financial And Commodity Markets Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

The Problem Of Alcoholism And Alcoholism - 1539 Words

Alcoholism proves to be a leading cause of brain damage and body malfunction all across America, ultimately endangering your life and the ones around you, but overcoming alcoholism seems to be a harder obstacle to overcome because this addictive drug imprints denial on your brain and makes you think you can stop drinking whenever you want. Denial is one of the hardest hurdles to jump over to getting help for alcoholism and abuse. The desire to drink is so strong that the mind finds ways to rationalize drinking, even when consequences are obvious. Their behavior and negative affects denial also exacerbates alcohol related problems with work, finances, and relationships. If one’s self finds themselves rationalizing their drinking habits, lying about them, or refusing to talk about them, they should try to take a moment to consider why are they so defensive. If a person doesn’t believe they have a drinking problem than there should be no excess of trying to hide the obvio us truth. Although some cases are likely to be less obvious, these groups of people generally started drinking excessively later in life and their need for alcohol has not yet resulted in profound debilitation. Regardless of the obviousness or clarity of the alcohol problem, â€Å"patients† are far more likely to announce their drinking problem openly. This is where we get into areas of treatment and the most delicate aspects of handling alcoholic clients. A survey of American adults showed that drug use disorderShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcoholRead MoreAlcoholism a Social Problem?1593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Problem The social problem that was identified in the helping relationship is a return to alcohol use or relapse. The participant in the helping project admitted she had been in substance abuse treatment twice, but was unable to remain abstinent from alcohol use. This, according to her is a relapse, however, Miller (1996) identifies relapse as a return to alcohol and/or drug dependent behavior in a person who has previously achieved and maintained abstinence for a significantRead MoreAlcoholism as a Social Problem792 Words   |  4 PagesS. Surgeon General, The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse) is five or more drinks in a row for men, and four or more in a row for women. Drinking levels this high significantly increase the problems the drinkers and for those around them. What is Alcohol Poisoning? Alcohol poisoning occurs when a person drinks a large quantity of alcohol in a short amount of time. The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream is called the blood alcohol concentrationRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction : The Problem With Alcoholism856 Words   |  4 PagesHave you been having more memory â€Å"blackouts† recently? In my family I have people that have a problem with alcohol, most of my family can handle alcohol but a couple cannot handle their alcohol. â€Å"Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.† (The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction: The Basics) Alcoholism appears in people in different way some people can handle it and some people cannot and someRead MoreAlcoholism Among Adolescents : A Public Health Problem935 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism amongst adolescents is a major public health problem. The purpose of researching alcoholism amongst adolescents is because alcohol is a drug. The drug of alcoholism is the most common and also the most abused drug amongst adolescents. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) believes that alcoholism amongst adolescents can lead to binge drinking and its on the rise. The CDC states, â€Å" Alcohol use is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth. AlthoughRead More The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pagesteens are full of alcohol. Other drugs rise and fall in popularity from generation to generation, but alcohol never really goes out of style. From being worshiped by the ancient Babylonians to being forbidden to teenagers, alcohol has caused many problems. Today, drinking is the drug of choice by teens and causes most wrecks and deaths today. To understand alcohol people must first know the history of alcohol, the effects of teen drinking, and the solutions to teen drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol has beenRead More The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States Essay3674 Words   |  15 Pages Teen alcoholism is a problem that has been plaguing the United States for many decades now. The legal age for alcohol consumption is twenty-one years old in every state of the United States, but this law is commonly broken. The fact that it has not been strictly enforced caused an outbreak of alcohol consumption between minors all over, and because of this, we have been accepting teenage drinking more than ever. The problem lies in the lack of law enforcement, the acceptance by parents and guardiansRead MoreAlcoholism Is the Worst Drug Problem in the U.S. Essay561 Words   |  3 Pagesevery 30 minutes due to an automobile accident caused by alcohol. Not only does alcohol kill, it clouds decisions, and is involved in a large percent of crime. Alcohol doesn’t stop there it negatively effects our youth. Alcohol is the worst drug problem in the U.S. We’ve all heard the phrase don’t drink and drive but how many people listen to this common sense. According to a statistic taken by the Century Council, 31 percent of car fatalities involved alcohol in 2013. Around fifty thousand claimsRead More The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagescommonsense, but what is more, something that every one knows about in general but may not in particular. Alcohol use among teenagers is a serious problem and is responsible for death and injury in automobile accidents, physical and emotional disability, deterioration of academic performances, aggressive behavior that causes a number of other sociological problems in families and among friends. It is also the primary cause of criminal behavior and a leading cause of broken marriages. As we know its a broadRead MoreSocial Problems Of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, And Mental Illness818 Words   |  4 Pagesnew understanding of different social prob lems. The variety of social problems presented introduced me to a couple of social problems I had not given much thought to before. It also surprised me that every person in the class knew at least one person that had been affected by a certain social problem. Through the solutions presented in these presentations, I have gained knowledge of I can personally help eliminate some aspects of different social problems. The three presentations I believed to

Cultivating an Affirmation of the Past in the Poem “Digging” Free Essays

The significance of the past is given an affirmation in the poem, â€Å"Digging,† written by Nobel Prize awardee Seamus Heaney. The persona in the poem takes a nostalgic trip into his past, reminiscing about the old days when he watched and participated in potato farming with his father and grandfather. Both men handle toil and hard work with excellence; this is emphasized when the persona states his admiration for the grace and competence exhibited by the men: â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade/Just like his old man. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultivating an Affirmation of the Past in the Poem â€Å"Digging† or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (15-16) However, the demarcation line between the persona and his earlier generation is clearly defined early on. In the first two lines of the poem, he establishes the idea that he is a writer; a man who prefers handling a pen, symbolizing academic and artistic profession, over a handling a spade, symbolizing hard labor, â€Å"Between my finger and my thumb/The squat pen rests; snug as a gun. † (lines 1-2) Nevertheless, the value and pride of each separate work is equally praised by the persona. He conveys the idea that there is no difference if one uses a pen, or a spade in work, no difference when one plows a field or scribbles on paper. The only important thing is the love and passion one dedicates to one’s profession or work. How to cite Cultivating an Affirmation of the Past in the Poem â€Å"Digging†, Papers

Tupac Shakur free essay sample

He was in and out of prison the majority of his time in the spotlight for a variety of charges including assault and sexual abuse. He also dealt with harsh public reaction to his lyrical content, particularly from the law enforcement community and parents concerned with his aggressive messages that his albums seemed to embody. Even as he achieved fantastic success on the charts, papas life seemed to enter a dangerous spiral that saw the rapper living out the scenarios he described in his songs.In 1994 while visiting a cording studio in New York he was shot no less than five times during a robbery that would leave him shaken and lead him to channel his aggression into what would become the most lasting aspect of his legacy ; the East Coast / West Coast hip hop feud. Shaker became convinced that industry heavy. Fights Sean Puff Daddy Combs and The Notorious B. We will write a custom essay sample on Tupac Shakur or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I. G. Were behind the attack which had put him in the hospital. Once the media was informed of the feud, it was blown up beyond all reason.This rivalry would culminate into one of the bloodiest explosions of rap-related violence in the story of the genre. On September, 13th 1 996, OPAC left the MGM Grand in Lass Vegas in the company of Death Row Records owner Sue Knight. Their BMW was ambushed in a drive-by shooting that would fatally wound Shaker. He later died in hospital shortly after the attack. His death would shock fans around the world, and was made worse by the murder of rival, The Notorious B. I. G. , in a revenge killing only a few months later. Tupac Shakur free essay sample Outpace Muar means serpent and Shaker is Arabic for thankful to God. Quota; For most of his childhood his crack-addicted mother shuffled Outpace between the ghettos of Harlem and the Bronx. Young Outpace began is performance career with the 1 27th Street Ensemble and then enrolled Baltimore School for the Arts where he was educated In ballet and acting. Outpace was forced to drop out of the school and move to California where his criminal career began. Outpace began selling drugs and had several altercations with the law including several shooting and the unexplained death of two off-duty officers.Tubas music continued to excel until his untimely death on September 7, 1996. The artistic ability and musical talent werent enough to get by with; it took a shtick that was true. There was no candy coating or a softer side to this straight from the projects thug. We will write a custom essay sample on Tupac Shakur or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Outpace rapped about what he knew, and he knew the street life. In and out of Jail/prison Outpace had been exposed to, even saturated In the criminal element, and this exposure led him to express his exploits In vulgar and gory detail.It was this down to earth ego, telling war stories from his childhood about up in the hoodquot: that attracted people to listen. The genre targeted young black males; it was music that they could relate to. But it reached out past its target group and embraced the white youth of America who ere fascinated with drugs and gangs. Outpace painted a picture of the lower-class struggle and middle-class America ate it up. The lyrics of his music not only told of the hard life of the lower class and the struggle of the black man, but it also spoke of hope.The echoes of the song Life Goes On ring out: 0 How many broths fell victim to that streets. Rest in peace young enigma theres a Heaven for a G, be a Ill If I told yea that I never thought of death; my insignias we that last ones left, but life goes on. . These words of hope give strength to those who can relate and endear these words to their heart. Tubas music resounded with his personal quest for a better life: life caused it that fighting and hurting, in my room crying cause I didnt want to be a burden.Watch Mama open up her arms to hug me and I anti worried bout a damn thingwith unconditional love. The words of this Thug Poet gave strength and support to this new genre of Gangs Rap. let was always the man behind the music that gave it life. The same album that Vice President Equally quoted APOCALYPSES NOW has no place in American society. went double platinum. The popularity of Gangs Rap is due solely to its creator, Outpace Shaker. Tupac Shakur free essay sample Muar shakers life stands above those alone. He was an influential, best selling hip hop artist, considered by many to be the greatest rapper of all time. His nicknames include OPAC, Pace and Mackerel. Among his fans, he is known as simply Outpace. The names Outpace Muar and Shaker mean Shining Serpent in Arabic, respectively. Outpace wasnt his given name; his mother renamed shortly after birth. He was born under Leganes Parish Crooks In Bronx, New York city on June 16th, 1971 to Affine Shaker, a member of Black panthers.Shaker aid, I never knew where my father was or who my father was for sure. HIS father left his mother when he wasnt even born. And his stepfather was Imprisoned for car robbery when he was two years old , leaving his family to struggle frequently under conditions of extreme poverty. Much of Tubas upbringing revolved around the Black panther philosophy. We will write a custom essay sample on Tupac Shakur or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Impoverished during most of his childhood, Outpace, his mother and half sister skyway moved between homeless shelters and cheap accommodation around New York City.As a result, he relied on poetry and diary entries to keep himself busy. At the age of 12, Shaker joined a Hormone theatre group , that is when he started developing an interest in performing. Later in 1984 Tubas mother brought him and his sister to live in Baltimore, Maryland. He went to Roland Park middle school, there, he was disliked because of his looks, name and unturned clothes. In his sophomore year Outpace was accepted to the Baltimore School for the Arts. Thats where all it started. He fell in love with music, acting , poetry , performing, beauty of art and dance.He studied hard there. Outpace was an avid reader, delving onto books on eastern religions, and even whole entire encyclopedia sets. Hiding his love of literature from his peers, he gained the respect of his peers like a tough guy. He composed his first rap in Baltimore under the name MAC new York and wrote poems for his girl friend Jade Pinkest(smith) , about racism and for his mother Elfin Shaker. He was on womans side rather than mans because of he was raised by his mother, loved his girlfriend, and absence of his father. Later Elfin was having trouble finding Job.Then he was forced to move to California. Outpace described this eve from Baltimore and the arts school as where I got off track. He started selling drugs on the street but also made friends who helped spark his interest In rap music. Then he Joined as a roadie and back up dancer for Digital underground. Next he became revolutionary artist by writing hit songs, with top selling albums, and successful acting in couple of movies. But because of some bad people who he was known by , he was fatally shot In drive-by shooting In Lass Vegas on September 7th, 1996 after attending the boxing match.He died In the University of Medical Center capital after six day later from the four gunshot wounds. What makes this rapper different than others? Outpace absolutely loved literature and poetry. So his songs and poems were better than the other rappers. And he was bluff. Outpace acted tough on the outside . He stood up for himself, he was extremely dedicated to his work and his body could survive five gunshots . But in the inside he was friendly man with a good heart. Also he was very realistic. Whether it is his song, dance, acting, or poem. It spoke what he was seeing not what he wished for or what he believed it. Tupac Shakur free essay sample After he and Affine moved to Baltimore, Outpace attended that city School for the Arts, studying acting and dance. He also wrote his first rap there and felt himself beginning to fit In, at long last. But by his Junior year he was packing up again, moving this time to Marin City, a desolate stretch of northern California known locally as The Jungle. Moving out of his mothers home, he began selling drugs and establishing himself on the streets of his adopted town. It was like a hood and I wanted to be a part of it, he explained to Powell. If I could Just fit in here, Im cool.And I thought I did. At the same time, he began to entertain thoughts of a music career. In 10 he auditioned for the Bay Area rap group Digital underground, and was hired as a dancer and roadie. He Joined the ensembles Sex Packets tour of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Tupac Shakur or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. And Japan, and made his recorded debut on their 11 This Is an PEP Release. His newfound success , however, was tainted by some unwelcome news I was on the road with D. O. And called my homiest Just to say hasps, and they told me my moms was buying dope from somebody, he related to Vibe. It fDe me up. I started blocking her out of my mind.Fannies battle with crack addiction would try their relationship sorely. By the end of the year he had released his solo debut, Apocalypse Now, on the Interstice label. He paved the way for his solo career while touring with D. O. Everybody knew me even though my album wasnt out yet, he told Vibe. I never went to bed. I was working It Like a Job. That was my number-one thing when I first got In the business. Everybodys goanna know me. Soon everyone would, though perhaps not as he might have hoped; his albums tough stancein the increasingly popular against modecreated his first major controversy.In April, 1, a Texas state trooper was shot o death by a young man who later claimed to have been listening to the album and cited the track Souls Story as the impetus for his violent act. The song narrates a fugitive with cops on my tall; pulled over, he decides to blast [the officers] punk SSL Now I got a murder case. This incident, along with other descriptions of cop-murdering, led a number of politicians, including then Vice-President Dan Equally, to call for the records removal from stores.He changed the direction of hip-hop hijacked it, some would say -? and ceremonials its status as the art politicians love to hate, declared RAG Smith in Spin. Of course, such controversy ended up boosting sales of Apocalypse. Outpace himself, meanwhile, had filed slut against the Oakland police department, alleging brutality In a jangling arrest. Even as his rap career was heating up, Outpace broke out as a film star in Ernest Dickerson 1 film Juice, portraying Bishop, a kid who becomes addicted to the high of violence. Though reviews of the film were mixed, his performance received uniform raves.Soon, however, his name was making headlines attached to another tragedy, between Topics posse and their antagonists. Spin reported that many in the rapper- actors adopted hometown began to refer to him as Tu-faced. But controversy sells records, and Topics 1 effort Strictly 4 My N. I. G. G. A. Z Went gold in a matter of months, thanks in part to the hit track I Get Around. Ironically, given later developments, one of the albums other hit singles was the upbeat Keep Yea Head Up, a paean to the strength and survival of black women.Meanwhile, his other rap sheetlisting his run-ins with the lawcontinued to pile up he was arrested after allegedly beating a limo driver, served ten days in Jail after attacking another rapper tit a baseball bat, and was busted for allegedly shooting two off-duty police officers shortly after relocating to Atlanta. He was acquitted of the latter charge. He co-starred with pop singer Janet Jackson in John Singletons 1 film Poetic Justice, once again receiving accolades even though the film was poorly received at the box office.In November of that year, a young woman with whom Outpace had been involved claimed that he and three of his friends had customized and sexually abused her. His troubles continued into 14; in March he spent 15 days in Jail for hitting filmmaker Allen Hughes. But he scored again with critics in the movie A bove the Rim; Owen Glimmering of Entertainment Weekly called Outpace perhaps the most dynamic young actor since Sean Penn, adding that he gives each of his characters a unique spiritual temper. With his group Thug Life, Outpace also contributed to the films soundtrack, which sold million copies.Thug Lifethe words were tattooed on the rappers stomachthen released its own album, Volume One, which Entertainment Weekly described as a 10-song meditation about life under the gun. Where [Topics] solo releases have often dragged, One crackles with kinetic energy. Yet the Thug Life that he advocatedThuggish against society. Thuggish against the system that made me, as he put it to Rolling Stonewas taking its toll. Out on bail on the previous sexual abuse and sodomys charges, he was shot several times on the ground floor of a building that housed an acquaintances recording studio.He was ambushed as he prepared to rap on another rappers record, shot and robbed. Although he sustained multiple injuries, he survived. Over the strenuous objections of his doctors, Outpace appeared in court shortly before sentence was passed. Despite whatever mitigating effect the sight of the wheelchair- mound Outpace could have had on the Jury, he was found guilty of sexual abuse. Although this was the lesser charge against him, he was sentenced to 1 1/ to 4 1/ years in prison. Though heed previously said that Jail would destroy his spirit, he told Vibes Powell that he now saw his incarceration as a giftstraight up.This is Gods will. Adding that getting clean after years of incessant marijuana smoking had cleared his head, he claimed a new perspective on his work. If we really are saying rap is an art form, he declared, then we got to be true to it and be more responsible for our lyrics. If you see everybody dying because of what you saying, it dont matter that you didnt make them die, it Just matters that you didnt save them. First single, Dear Mama, praised his mother for her strength. Outpace couldnt appear in the video, obviously, but Affine is featured in the clip, watching clips of her son on television.Having recovered from her addiction, the rappers mother had been working for Topics production company. Though some may have found the sentimental single an attempt to drum up sympathy for its Jailed author, Interstice executive Tom Whaley said otherwise. It wasnt like, Well, Topics in Jail, lets find the cost sympathetic song on the record and put it out so that the audience will be sympathetic to him, he asserted to Jerry Crower of the Los Angles Times. I Just thought it was a great song, an emotional song. Me Against the World climbed to the top of the Billboard magazine sales chart, selling half a million copies within weeks.Dear Mama also reached the top ten singles chart. Actress Jade Pinkest- -a steadfast friend and supporter whod allegedly helped, along with superstar singer-actress Madonna and actor Mackey Rouge, to pay Topics bailwas slated to direct the video for the albums subsequent single, Can U Get Away. Shaker had Just completed filming with Rouge on the film Bullet. Writing in the Village Voice, critic and pop-culture analyst Toured limned what she called massive distance between Topics fame and the quality of his work so far.While she praised his acting talent, Toured disliked most of the films Outpace appeared in, and argued that though he remains along with Snoop [Doggy Dog] one of the two most famous rappers in the world, he is merely an average vocalist and lyricist, and has yet to record one aesthetically impor tant song. Yet, Toured insisted, Topics experiences on the public stage have been remarkable performances in their own eight, and have lent an air of importance to his otherwise unimpressive records.The Source, however, praised Me Against the World as the rappers best so far, while Jon Paroles of the New York Times admired its fatalistic calm, in a commercial mold. From prison, Shaker alleged that he had changed his ways, The addict in Outpace is dead, he vowed to Vibe. The excuse maker in Outpace is dead. The vengeful Outpace is dead. The Outpace that would stand by and let dishonorable things happen is dead. God let me live for me to do something extraordinary, and thats what I have to do. Even if they give me the maximum sentence, thats still my Job.Yet after his release from prison, the rapper-actor showed little sign of change. He threw himself into the East Coast vs.. West Coast feud in which his new boss, Death Row Records chief Segue Knight, was embroiled. In typically contradictory fashion, Shaker publicly taunted Knights rivals, including Bad Boy Records head Sean Puffy Combs. This conflict may or may not have led to Shakers shooting in September, 16, as he and Knight drove through Lass Vegas after a boxing match. Shaker died of his wounds a week later.

Organizational Politics free essay sample

The word politics is taken in a negative sense in most of the situations. Despite of this widely held belief, politics can be found everywhere right from home to the organization or the country level. Politics exists in every place where there are more than one person seeking same resources which are limited. Intentionally or unintentionally, everybody plays politics in one or the other way to serve their purpose and it proves to be helpful for someone while considered as â€Å"dirty† by others who are not benefitted by it. But probably it cannot be avoided as the politics comes in various forms and is present in every field of work in one or the other form. However, we are here to discuss about the politics present in the organizations in various levels and its affect on the work and people there. This presence of politics in the organization is called the organizational politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Politics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Brandon and Seldman (2004), â€Å"Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives†. Extending the same note, Organizational politics refers to behaviours â€Å"that occur on an informal basis within an organization and involve intentional acts of influence that are designed to protect or enhance individuals’ professional careers when conflicting courses of action are possible† (Drory, 1993; Porter, Allen, Angle, 1981). Many studies have shown that organizational politics cannot be always considered to be a bad practice. In many cases, it proves to be beneficial for the organizations. Kotter, in his article â€Å"Power and influence†, says â€Å"Without political awareness and skill, we face the inevitable prospect of becoming immersed in bureaucratic infighting, parochial politics and destructive power struggles, which greatly retard organizational initiative, innovation, morale, and performance. † The concept is also supported by Randolph(1985) where he states that â€Å"Organizational Politics is not necessarily bad. It is another tool that employees and managers have for promoting goals that cannot be achieved in other ways†. Thus, in various articles, it has been stated that organizational politics is one of the major parts of business and it also has positive affects on the success of the organizations. To understand the concept of organizational politics, I would like to share a very common example of organizational politics. An employee asking for a salary hike in general terms would not probably be considered as an organizational politics, but as we see generally in the construction companies or other government organizations where labour unions are present, major strikes take place when the workers stop working and go on strike to force the organization for a salary hike. This may be considered as a major example of organizational politics. This example is having a very broad and visible scope but there are many other ways in which politics take place in the organizations. Sometimes they are visible to everyone but in most cases, it is played like a strategy game and it becomes tough to know where politics is happening. Politics take place in the organizations in every level, right from the junior level of workers for impressing their seniors and climbing up the corporate ladder, to the highest level of employees where they play politics for power and status. Sometimes, when the politics reaches a very high level in the organizations, it affects the organization in an adverse way and can be harmful for the organization’s future. Looking back to the article on â€Å"The Social Identity Theory†, I could relate the theory to the reasons behind the politics in the organizations. The social identity theory dealt with the human behaviours in different social gatherings. The strategies of organizational politics grow gradually in the employee’s behaviour. The way an experienced person joins the organization is very different from the fresher who joins his first organization. An experienced person is aware of the politics in the organizations and hence when he joins a new organization, he is very focussed about what he has to do. He quickly sets his target people whom he has to impress and whom he can rule. Moving further, he works on his strategies to achieve his pre-planned goal. However, when a fresher joins an organization, he is not aware of the politics in the organization and he still behaves in his high school ways doing friendships with the like ones and avoiding the unmatched people. But slowly, being in the organization, he smells the need of relationships with the right people and make his initial strategies to reach the intended person. Hence his identity changes in the organizational setup, and he learns the applicability of the old proverb that who you know matters as much as what you know. Many times, the same behaviour of a person is said to be wrong in terms of ethical behaviours but when the profitability of playing politics are sighted by the fellow members, they adopt the same political behaviour and tries to play the same ‘dirty politics’ to serve their purpose. When I was working in the organization, I have seen many cases like this, where people have played politics and have gained from it. In a very general scenario, an employee whether loves or hates his manager, he is always polite and sweet to him. This love and affection may not be because of the respect for the manager but it is also a type of organizational politics. We know with whom we have to keep good relation to grow in the organization. We know that keeping good relation with the manager will help us get promoted so however he is, we try to overlook it and behave in a very nice and polite way with him. A very general example of organizational politics can be seen in every small or large project. Every team member pretends to work for the whole team and care for each other but a very obvious fact is that he always try to over show him in the eyes of the seniors but showing the unintentional means. He never let other team members know that he is promoting himself in front of others but he tries to do that in some or the other way. This can be seen mostly in the Team Leader behaviours. He is regarded as a representative of the whole team and is generally responsible for answering for the whole team. While representing the team, he generally tries to hide the negative points or the mistakes done by the team members and try to over highlight the small achievements done by the team. His direct motive is the team but the indirect motive is always he. He knows that he can grow only when the team grows. Other say it as dirty tricks but no body can escape from it. According to King(1989), â€Å"Could it be that by refusing to play, we are able to avoid conflict that might compromise our principles and integrity? This is akin to taking our ball and going home! We gain a temporary reprieve, but the challenge still remains. Play or not play, the game still goes on! † Hence happily or forcefully, everybody has to enter the dirty game in order to save their chance in the game. Increasing social networking in the organizations is also a type of organizational politics. According to Dwyer in his article â€Å"How to win at Office Politics†, says ‘Successful politics starts with relationships: You’ll need your coworkers’ support — or at minimum their respect — to accomplish anything’. Social networking plays a very important role in the organizations. It is said that it’s worthless to count the enemies in your organization, but making more friends than the enemies always counts. It is evident that the more connections you have in your organization, the more powerful you are. All the negative impacts from the enemies can be counterbalanced by the positive impacts of friends. The main intention is to cover the area of enemies by friends. The affect of power is more visible in the higher level of hierarchy in the organizations. According to Farrell and Peterson (1982), â€Å"the successful practice of organizational politics is perceived to lead to a higher level of power, and once a higher level of power is attained, there is more opportunity to engage in political behaviour†. In a leadership position, the leader has more opportunity and need to play politics either for its own personal motive or for the sake of the organization. In a higher level, the leaders have the opportunity to highlight their contribution whenever needed. Due to the power they have, it is easier for them to manipulate things and show it in a more attractive way. In any case of brawl, they are capable to use any available resource such as experts, consultants, experienced persons, and administrative person etc. to put their point across and solve the problem. Moreover, they can ensure the help from the top management in case of difficult initiatives or discussions. Power is of no use if it cannot be used in the adverse situations. In a negative note, he can put the burden on others without letting them know in case of any unfavourable situation to save their position or work. Power can be used easily to remove any resistance in the work but using the power in a right way so that everybody is satisfied and happy is called the right politics. Moreover, the leaders do have the capability to exploit the political climate in the organization and maximize the organizational output and the satisfaction of the employees working under them. Giving appreciations, rewards and importance to the employees gives them a confidence to work and make them feel that they are important for the organization. This increases their loyalty towards the organization and commitment towards their work. This in turn increases the productivity and profitability for the organization as a whole. Thus, the employees are the main stakeholders of an organization and hence any politics in the organization should not break their trust or confidence and hence using the politics in a right way is very necessary in any level of the organization. Contrarily, sometimes when the manager intentionally or unintentionally avoids an employee or his good work or gives more importance to somebody else in front of him, then the employee feels isolated and avoided. Such repeated action results in lowering the employee’s confidence level and finally leads to frustration and mistrust. He eventually starts thinking that his hard work is not valued by the organization and he looses interest in his work. Because of this, his performance in the work decreases and leads him towards failure. Hence the behaviour of the leaders towards their employee plays a very important part in the overall progress of the employee. The satisfaction an employee feels at work leads him to maintain the status quo, while the lack of it may lead him to act in order to influence and change decisions in the organization. The politics in organizations changes the behaviour of an individual drastically. Once faced the politics in his work, he tends to evaluate every act of others in a political way. He starts evaluating the things in a more focused way and starts questioning every act of others. Due to this, he forces himself to make strategies to win against others. Sometimes, the level of competition reaches such a high level that it starts taking a wrong way and proving bad for the organizational culture. At this time, he starts caring less about the team work and concentrates only on his work. According to Dattner and Dunn, â€Å"In overly political organizations, there is a focus in individual self-interest and silos rather than on the good of the organization. Also there are clearly defined in-groups and out-groups, and a preoccupation with who is in each category. † This leads to a weak team building and differences among the team members. At this point of time, the real work of a leader comes into act. It becomes necessary for the leader to make some strategies so that he can heal the relational differences among the team members and get them back to the quality and united work rather han competing among themselves. Patience and the right politics play a very important role in such circumstances. Hence, organizational politics cannot be considered as negative all the time as it is generally important in the organizations in order to remove the hurdles in the work and maximize the output. However, Organizational Politics sometimes can be regarded as bad for the o rganizations and the employees. Sometimes, it lays a very bad affect on the employees with results in job resignation, job anxiety, dissatisfaction, frustration etc. Sometimes, employees who are dedicated towards their work to a more extent than others fail to get promoted and others having a political excellence win the battle. In such cases, the moral of the hardworking employees get affected and they do not get the actual worth of their hard work and dedication. Such reasons result in job dissatisfaction and they leave the company in search of a better environment but finally fail to find one. This is because one cannot get rid of the politics in the environment. The only option left with them is to change their own nature and behaviour and follow the political path. The hard work starts getting converted to smart work which can be beneficial for the individuals but probably is not good for the organizations. Moreover, a proper communication is very important in the organization. Mai and Akerson in their article ‘Building a better organization through effective communication’ says that Above all, leadership communication entails nurturing and maintaining a workplace environment in which communication flows freely and quickly in all directions with minimal distortion or lag time†. But when people get power, they sometimes hide the truth or share the necessary information with a limited number of people or probably share it very late with others. Sometimes, they alter the information and frame it in a misleading way for their own personal motives. The information starts with a different motive and intention in the higher level and by the time it reaches the lower level employees, the motive and meaning of the information changes. The intent of the information gradually changes in every level down, according to his or her political inclinations. Later on, when the truth unfolds, it puts a negative impact on other employees. The few negative impacts of politics on individuals as stated by Dattner and Dunn in their article â€Å"Organizational Politics† are decreasing loyalty and increasing focus on self interest, hoarding of information and control, stress and anxiety, paranoia and perceptual distortions, excessive worrying about status and perceived slights, defensiveness about errors and mistakes, mistrust of the validity of feedback, acting out and regressive behaviours etc. Moreover, when a person comes into power, sometimes he tends to create a ‘One Man Rule’ in the organization level or in the project level, which creates a lot of difficulties for the employees under him. He starts taking the problem in a more personal way and tends to take revenge with people he doesn’t like. In such situations, the intent of the politics goes beyond the organizational scope and reaches a personal arena. In such situations, during the time of electing people for promotions, he gets very biased resulting in the selection of people who are efficient in impressing him through their politics and the hard working and the work centric people lags behind in this game. According to Kacmar Ferris (1991), â€Å"In highly political organizations, rewards are not necessarily related to work performance, but may instead be tied to relationships, power, and other less objective factors. Due to this, the power and authority is not adequately distributed which leads to other problems. According to Zivnuska et al, in their article ‘Journal of Organizational Behaviour’, ‘If organizational behaviour is not governed by a clear set of rules or expectations and behaviour is enacted with the sole purpose of personal gain, it is difficult for employees to predict behaviour of colleagues, managers, or the executive team. ’ Conclusively, like it or not, every work place is a politi cal environment. But politics not always mean playing a dirty game. In its purest form, the organizational politics simply mean removing hurdles in your way and moving from here to there; by securing the job, securing a promotion, gaining support from other team mates or precisely getting the work done in an easier way. Getting success in the life is everybody’s main intention of life and for achieving it we have to go through many tough ways. Clearing the tough ways and making it easier for us is our motive and doing so by finding a way out in a strategic and probably ethical way is never wrong. However, excess of anything proves to be harmful and thus a proper mix of politics and work can serve the organization and the people in a better way. Politics and power are interrelated and both of it should be used in an appropriate way to avoid imbalance in work and ethics. Moreover, avoiding the organizational politics can never be the solution for an individual but trying to learn to be in such a political environment and win over it is the main essence of the work experience.

LAJOM, John Froilan C. General Chemistry 2 Essays - Free Essays

LAJOM, John Froilan C. General Chemistry 2 Essays - Free Essays LAJOM, John Froilan C. General Chemistry 2 S11-08 Photo Essay Your TV doesn't speak English, it speaks frequency As part of our requirement in General Chemistry 2 and General Biology 2, we went to an exhibit led by college students in MB Hall and MB 6th Floor. The exhibitor of the model was Julius Osio Lumbera who was able to replicate on how signals are being transmitted from commercial broadcasting network into our own homes with the help of our antenna. A broadcasting network will spread signals in form of frequency and then be received by stirrer that rotates to vary direction and polarization sign als. Once turned on, you can see the sustained frequency circling the screen. When he started to make a call, a sudden interference in the signal occurred because of the p rincipal operating frequency of cellphones ranges from 700 to 800 MHz, strong enough to interrupt our signals in television. He also gave us a trivia about frequency and said that Smart is better than Globe because it gives off lower frequency signals better for penetration in solids like walls. With his exhibit, I was able to understand more about on how frequency travels from broadcasting network up to our homes.

Courts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Courts - Research Paper Example The court systems that interpret and put the la into practice are called the judiciary. The courts have the jurisdiction to deliver verdicts after A successful trial (Janda, 2008). Reforming the organization of courts In order to enhance the judicial court system delivery, various elementary measures ought to be instilled into correct use. These include aspects of administration that aim at enhancing service delivery to the public and the corporate world. Parties who present their cases ought to feel at home and well served. To achieve these rectifications in the operations of the courts has to be altered for the good of the people. The judicial branches sought to be transformed immediately. This spells out modes of selection of judges; the ways that they are punished and evaluated according to their performance and overall delivery to services presented to them, this practice ensures that the decisions or verdicts arrived at are credibly justifiable and correct (Janda, 2008). The ve rdict delivered in this case should be free from bias or personal conveniences. Thus, this practice of judicial reform uses or results into the citizens or involved parties served by the courts developing profound trust in the judicial system and, thus, is more likely to cooperate in ensuring that anything unlawful is punished accordingly. Go further enhance judicial efficient and fruitful judicial conduct in handling of cases; the ministry of justice has to distribute capital reinforcement required in the maintenance of the courts and related affairs. This money is supposed to be remitted to the treasury and its use highly scrutinized all through to enhance proper use. Thus, with this kind of reinforcement, the court will have reformed positively and directed towards quality legal service delivery for welfare of the entire community. To increase the speed of service delivery in courts and the entire judicial affiliations, several correctional policies ought to be inculcated in the progression of the court processes. Basically, one of the chief quandaries that hamper quickly an effectual service delivery in courts and entire judicial affiliations is the prevalence of backlog due to slow or extremely ineffective legal service delivery systems that only involves overdependence on human skill only and does not involved use of enhancing techniques. F or instance, in many law courts, the judges, justices, lawyers and other personnel in the workforce usually work depending only on their physical abilities. These abilities include the use of extensive hardcopy filing systems in their records and references (Jones, 2003). They therefore have to carry with them the cumbersome documents for use during court processions. This is tiresome and brings about sluggishness in the solving of cases during court processions. Thus, as a corrective and enhancive measure to combat the imminent sluggishness in law interpretation and applications, computers have to be utilized in the courts and related associations. These computers can be used to store information in form of files, in translation systems, in doing of camerawork and in the monitoring of security in the court rooms. Introduction of computers in the court therefore counteracts the trade offs and pitfalls that slow down theses processes. Enhancement of quick disposition of cases is, thus, buffered, creating more opportunities to

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Eating my favorite fruit - Essay Example Mango comes in a mixture of varied colours ranging from yellowish orange, to those that are yellowish green with a tinge of red at the top. It is really amazing to know that there are more than four hundred varieties of mangoes in the world. The surprising thing is that each and every variety of mangoes tends to have a shape, colour, size and flavour of its own that makes this fruit really unique. Seeing the varied varieties of mangoes displayed in the market place is really a feast for the eyes. While buying a mango one must look to it that the fruit has a fine leathery surface that is intact and unbroken. One must never buy the mangoes that have a broken or tampered skin. One must also touch and feel the fruit to assure that it is neither too hard, nor too soft and pulpy. If a mango is too hard it means that it is yet not ready to be eaten. On the contrary, too soft a mango means that it is not fresh. A sweet fruity smell coming from a mango is suggestive of the fact that the fruit is ripe and fresh, and fit to be consumed. It also takes tact to prepare a mango for eating. One must slice the fruit from its round end, exposing the soft yellowish flesh that is full of juice. Once this is done one can scoop out the yellowish flesh with a spoon from a slice and eat the sweet, aromatic and juicy pulp. And take care not to make loud, slurping noises while eating the fruit. The interesting thing about mangoes is that one can also prepare a variety of cuisines from them. Like any other fruit, mangoes could be added to cakes, tarts, puddings, custards and ice creams to lend a rich and savoury flavour to them. One could also prepare delicious and nourishing mango shake, by blending mangoes with milk and sugar. In my opinion mangoes must be eaten when they are fresh, as the fruit is bound to lose its taste and aroma if kept for a few days. I make it a point to buy only the fresh mangoes, having just the right texture, firmness and aroma. I am

Transactional Vs Transformational Leadership

Transactional Vs Transformational Leadership This essay is required to conduct a better understanding of leadership styles transactional and transformational leadership styles from researching on Richard Branson and Steve Jobs success, and discuss about different types of changes (incremental and radical changes) may occur in an organisation in order to learn change management methods can be applied to a real case (Virgin Group). Although both of the excellent leaders exhibit characteristics of both transactional and transformational leadership styles, this essay will identify Steve Jobs as a transactional leader and Richard Branson as a transformational leader with three reasons for each statement. This essay will identify and describe six examples of changes (incremental and radical) for each leader (three examples each type). At last, this essay will discuss about the concepts of change management and explain Kotters 8-Step Change Model by applying to a real case (Virgin Group). Transactional Leadership VS Transformational Leadership Good leadership is the key to the success of an organization. Transactional leadership is performance-oriented and transformational leadership is people-oriented. To be more specific, transactional leadership involves reinforcement to monitor and justify followers performances by using reward and punishment, while transformational leadership tends to inspire and motivate the followers loyalty and concentration by leaders charisma. Steve Jobs as Transactional Leader Transactional leaders characteristic behaviours are: (Barbuto, 2005) Contingent Reward Contingent reward is actually a usual way that most of the managers use to motivate teams, create positive competition and improve effectiveness. Steve Jobs had the impressive ability to notice talent and active employees and allocate them to the right place in the company. Each year, Jobs took his top 100 people on a retreat. It is not only a reward as a vacation, but also an acknowledgement from STEVE JOBS! In my opinion, acknowledgements from successful genius would be the best reward for my hard working. Management by exception Transactional leaders take actions based on the exceptions (performance) of the employees. Steve Jobs categorised his followers as either geniuses or bozos, and quickly firing those who fall in the latter camp (Greene-Blose, 2012). Another characteristic of transactional leadership would be the desire for control which is typical Steve Jobs style. His favourite presentation tools were a whiteboard and a Magic Marker, which gives him fully control in the conference. After his reinventing Apple, Jobs had several weeks of product review sessions. Finally he run out of patience and shouted the team to stop, grabbed a Magic Marker to the white board and wrote down four words: Consumer, Pro., Desktop and Portable. Then he said:Here is what we need! (Isaacson, 2012) This is Steve Jobs, full of power and passion, who gave clear incentives and strategies to his followers with his wisdom and visions. Richard Branson as Transformational Leader Transformational leaders characteristic behaviours are: (Barbuto, 2005) Idealized influence Richard Branson has become a role model for his followers inside or outside of his Virgin Empire by his own passionate and fearless life style. With his own words, You want to create something you are proud ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ That has always been my philosophy of business (Branson), Richard Branson broke many world records such as the fastest recorded Atlantic crossing by boat, the first Atlantic crossing by hot-air balloon, etc. He proved that anything is possible to his followers and the rest of the world with real examples. (Ocker, 2008) Inspiration motivation Richard Branson is a visionary leader with dreams and relentless work attitude which make those dreams come true. At the early stage of Virgin Group business, he once said:I want Virgin to be as well-known around the world as Coca-Cola. (Branson) After decades of time, the brand of Virgin have become world well-known, and covers many different areas of business which Coca-Cola wound not dare to try. Those kinds of ambitions and courage ties his group together and close, and leads him to keep on improving Virgin Group services and productions. Individualized consideration Richard Branson business maxim is staff first, customers second and shareholders third (Locke, 2009). One of his most famous and interesting story would be the lawsuit against British Airways for its protracted libel actions and ended with a settlement of about  £600,000 total. After Richard Branson got the money, he divided it to all his employees for their hard working. It was not only a reward, but more like sharing a triumph. On the other hand, the major reason of Richard Bransons business success is that he takes care of customers needs with innovations and consideration, such as placing a rubber ducky in each bathroom of Virgin-owned hotels in order to make guests feel ate home, putting Listening Posts in their record stores and allowing customers to listen to entire CDs before purchasing. (Richard Branson Virgin) In general, transformational leadership style is considered more as a friendly and flexible way to organize a company, while transactional leadership is considered more tough and efficient. It is hard to say which one is better. All the good leaders all over the world (include the two above) have the characteristics of the both leadership styles., such as Steve Jobs charismatic characteristics and spiritual motivating speech skills (Transformational), and Richard Branson strict management ways on the lower level positions in the organisation (Transactional). Transformational leadership does not replace transactional leadership but improves the effectiveness of transactional leadership from a different angle. (Bernard, Bass, Riggio, 2005) Incremental Changes VS Radical Changes Changes are inevitable in human lives as well as in business operations. Incremental change takes place over a long time period for development purposes, while radical change is more often triggered by a crisis or a business opportunity. There are several differences listed in the following table. Incremental Changes Radical Changes Reasons Business development Expansion Dealing with crisis Seizing a significant business opportunity Period Long period of time Short period of time Examples Improvement Such as TQM, new system implementation Revolutionary changes Such as restructuring, merger, take-over Approaches types May be small, slow, on-going May be onetime events, quick Respond and effect Hardly noticed by the management level Immediately adapt May cause resistance to changes Steve Jobs Incremental Changes Example1: Pixar In 1986, Steve Jobs bought The Graphics Group from Lucasfilm for $10 millions, changed the name to Pixar and started his career in animation manufacturing. With his visionary plans and technology support from his computer company NeXT, Pixar developed a software package called RenderMan (which has been widely accepted and used in filmmaking industry). RenderMan was implemented into the existing Pixar production line slowly in order to improve quality of the products. After ten years time, Pixar finally achieved an amazing success in the animation filming industry. It kept producing a series of animation films, beginning with Toy Story (1995), which led Pixars worth to over $1.5 billion. It took 10 years to implementing and perfecting the new software into production and transferring Steve Jobs leadership style into Pixars existing operation, and achieves a remarkable improvement at the end. This is an incremental change made by Steve Jobs. Example2: Digital hub strategy After Steve Jobs returning to Apple in 1997 as an interim CEO, he successfully brought Apple back to profitability with a amazing consumer desktop computer iMac. By facing negative predictions about proclaiming PCS would disappear within a couple of years, Steve Jobs continuously led Apple to keep on perfecting i products with the meaning of internet, individual, instruct, inform and inspire as the same way Apple always do. (Steve Jobs introductory 1998 iMac slide show) In 2001, Steve Jobs unveiled the Digital Hub Strategy to the public and in the next 10 years time he kept on launching a series of new products which extremely changed and led the trade of the whole world. (Kurian, 2012) There was an interesting event that Steve Jobs called himself as the iCEO of Apple instead of interim CEO humorously which entertained the public very much (Macworld San Francisco 2000). It was also a smart way to promoting i products while teasing with the board of Apple for rehiring him as a temporary executive officer. This huge successful change took 10 years to be accomplished followed by Steve Jobs leadership piece by piece. It maintained the old producing direction and improved production qualities. It was a long period on-going process of implementing Jobs wisdom into Apple Company. Example3: Retirement from Apple Steve Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2003, but he kept on denying any serious problem. That is why everyone was surprised when Apple announced that Steve Jobs would not go on stage for the Macworld keynote in 2009, and he took six months off at the same year. Jobs finally resigned as CEO of Apple in 2011 but remained as the Chairman of the companys board, and he passed away after 6 weeks. (Kurian, 2012) There may be some radical changes involved for damage control purpose, but in general, Steve Jobs took care of his retirement carefully and smoothly to avoid negative impact within 3 years time. For instance, he distributed his responsibilities to other executives step by step, and before his final resign, he strongly recommended Tim Cook in written, that letter was released to the public later in order to retain faith. The whole process was carefully planned and implemented in a long time step by step. In my opinion, it can be an incremental change. Steve Jobs Radical Changes Example1: Macintosh VS Lisa In the early 80s, Apple was creating a business-oriented computer named Lisa under Steve Jobs supervising, but later after that, Steve Jobs thrown out of the Lisa project because of his bad temper. He was so angry and decided to take revenge by developing a small project called Macintosh in order to destroy the sales of Lisa. (Kurian, 2012) It was a radical strategy. Macintosh had user-friendly interface (point-and -click) which inspired other computer manufactories and changed the direction of computer industry since then, but it was not as welcome to the market as Jobs expected though. At that time, IBMs PC was more compatible with its cheaper price. Because this action was taken rapidly without well planning and careful market researching, Macintosh project failed. Example2: Staging a Coup There was another revenge taken by Steve Jobs after his removal from Lisa project, he tried to stage a coup. As we all know, he failed again. (Kurian, 2012) It was a restructuring plan, and he took actions rapidly. But without endorsement from Apple board of directors and support from other colleagues, he got fired from his own company. Example3: Reinventing Apple By 1996, Apple rehired Steve Jobs as an informal adviser to the CEO. At that time, Apple was keeping on losing money and Steve Jobs staged another coup. He successes this time and became an interim CEO in 1997.The first thing he had done after his promotion is cutting off the production lines and focused on four products. This effective decision brought the lost confidence back to the Apple community (Kurian, 2012). In the meantime, Jobs took other actions such as announcing a new slogan Think Different and launched an amazing project which brought Apples resurgence lately, the iMac. (Edwards, 2008) Those actions and decisions above are radical changes (restructuring and redesigning the production processes). They were new strategies to the company for solving a financial crisis in a short time period. Richard Branson Incremental Changes Example1: Virgin Atlantic There are some unique features Virgin Atlantic has while other airways may not have can be considered as incremental changes. Such as, serving a cup of ice cream while passengers watching movies during travelling in order to provide a better service. Virgin Atlantic does not provide meals for short distance flight in order to reduce ticket price. This kind of services is provided for improving quality of service. Example2: Virgin Group Because Richard Branson received a lot of support from his family and friends during hi early period of business stage (borrowed money from his auntie and supported by John Lennon), the whole Virgin Group services can be considered as a long term process for implementing Richard Bransons plan of giving back to the society and helping those people who has ambitious but doesnt have opportunities. Such as, Virgin Money provides a set of formalised documentations help people who need loans. Although Virgin Money U.S. did not work well in USA, Richard Branson helped millions of people with his good heart in UK. Those actions can be considered as Incremental Changes. Example3: Eco-friendly efforts In 2007, Richard Branson launched Virgin Earth Challenge dedicating in to environmental issues. He made several decisions that supervised the whole world, such as a $25 millions prize for inventors who comes up with a viable solution for scrubbing carbon gases from atmosphere. He also pledged to reinvest all profits from Virgin transportation business over the decade into developing ecologically benign fuels. This kind of actions may not affect other Virgin companies, but they will improve Virgin Groups reputation, it is also a long time period project. Richard Branson Radical Changes Example1: Virgin Records Shop At the beginning, Richard Branson started his records business as mail ordering company in London, and it went well. After a postal strike, the mail order business was crippled. Richard Branson was forced to seek new outlets and he opened his first retail store in Oxford Street in 1971. This was a strategy for dealing with a crisis situation, and operated immediately. It changed Virgin Records business process and structure. Example2: Selling Virgin Music Group Selling Virgin Music probably would be the hardest decision Richard Branson has ever made in his whole lifetime. This decision was made in order to get money to take Virgin Atlantic back into private ownership (Vinnedge, 2009). This change was forced by a financial crisis and included restructuring process. Example3: Closing Virgin Money U.S. Richard Branson launched a loan servicing company called Virgin Money U.S. in America in 2007, and began its withdrawal after 2 years (Lepro, 2010). Its social loans were transferred to Graystone Solutions. This time, Richard Branson misjudged the market and had to make the decision in order to limit the damage. Other reasons of this collapse might be the bad economy and different culture in America. This change included restructuring and take-over in a short time. To sum up the above examples and explanations, incremental changes are normally well planned and taken over by pieces, there is less possibilities of failure. Radical changes are immediate responses for a crisis or significant opportunity, there are chances of failure. Change Management in Virgin Group Story of Virgin Mobile In 2007, Virgin Group announced the completion of its biggest challenge which brought over 10 million customers and 13,000 employees merger of NTL, Telewest and Virgin Mobile under the Virgin Media brand. It is known as the largest Virgin Company in the world. This operation took more than two years to complete the whole the merger, and Virgin Group handled it carefully, especially on employees resistance. Reasons of employees resistance to this change and strategies It is necessary for leaders to understand that resistances to changes are normal. In order to deal with those obstacles, leaders have to identify reasons of employees resistances firstly and develop different strategies for different situations. Some common reasons are following: Fear Mostly, employees fear comes from uncertainty about their career. In this situation, employees were worried about if there would be a layoff or if they were qualified for the new company. Strategies: Virgin Group kept employees involved during managing changes. The high level of the management went done to the front line staff and listened to the staffs ideas and problems, and shared their own experiences. Richard Branson took care of individual needs carefully. Meanwhile, he also announced that if the employees no longer have the enthusiasm, they would be better to find a new job. As long as the employees performed with full responsibilities, they would always be considered as a part of the company. This kind of instructions increased the sense of the urgency, and motivated employees to move on positively. No faith in new process Former NTL and Telewest employees might have uncertainties about the new process of Virgin Group. Because NTL and Telewest Company had several years of struggling with the bad economy environment, they could not be sure whether the new company would lead them to improve the organisational performance. Strategies: Richard Branson gave responsibilities to his employees, and went to the front line personally to inform clear instructions. Establishing clear instructions and explanations, and demonstrating a picture of a better future would increase employees faith and certainty of the new process. Comfort personal preference Former NTL and Telewest employees had their own ways of daily operations, and the new company brought its new ways of doing business, so they might have the difficulties to adopt the new culture. Such as, those staff had their old way of dealing with customers calls by following the instructions and scripts strictly, while Richard Branson believes that each customer would have his/her unique problem, staff should help different customers differently. Strategies: Richard Branson threw away all the scripts and told call-center employees to help customers within one call if possible. In order to support their work, he allocated necessary resources to the font line. Lack of knowledge Although some former NTL and Telewest employees were expert in their old company, they might need to start from the beginning since the new company had its unique ways of doing business. Strategies: For this kind of anxiety, Richard Branson responded with three words only: Live and Learn! He provided resources and training programs for employees in order to create a positive learning environment, and he also encouraged communication among different levels of the management to understand individual difficulties. Lack of trust Virgin Group has different diversity of businesses and it used to prefer small piece of business, whether Richard Branson has the ability to lead the large company to make profit and keep growing would be unpredictable. This is the reason that some employees might have difficulties to adapt the changes. Strategies: Richard Branson kept developing new products and services, and led the company to profitability, such as more packages of Virgin Broadband, more channels and TV programs for Virgin Media Television, and etc. Those successes brought back the trust in several years, not immediately. Application of Kotters Change Model Create Urgency At this stage, it is necessary to deliver a message that the whole company really needs this change. The company has to provide solid reasons and convincing dialogues support this decision. To Kotters belief, this stage is the most important stage; lack of preparation would easily lead to a project failure. In Virgin Medias case, leader should show people NTL and Telewests poor performance reports and most importantly, the potentials, because no one will have faith in a failed business. With a brief introduction of development scenarios, leader should emphasise the opportunities and benefit from this merger. Form a Powerful Coalition In order to influence people to accept the change, leader needs a group of key people from different department to support the change management process. They dont necessary have to be who has legitimate power, but also can be expert, and other influential people. In Virgin Medias case, leader should select powerful and influential people from ex-NTL and ex-Telewest Company, and select good communicators from Virgin Mobile, in order to organise a supportive team. Once organised, the team needs to work together and continuing to create urgency in their own working areas. Create a Vision for Change The next step would be generating an overall vision about the change, including values and reasons of the change, short summaries, and strategies to execute that vision. In Virgin Medias case, leader should have a clear idea about what to do with ex-NTL and ex-Telewest, and why Virgin Mobile needs to conduct a merger with them. As the matter of the fact, Richard Branson was trying to build the first quadruple play  [1]   media company in UK, and after couple of years hard working, he did it. Communicate the Vision After creating the vision, leader should deliver the message to the team members, and with their help, the message can be distributed to all aspects of the company. The message should not be sent through meetings only, most importantly through daily communications among the whole company. In Virgin Medias Case, Richard Branson tried to communicate with employees as much as possible and motivate them to maintain in a positive working attitude. Those ideas and visions were implanted into employees mind during those communications. Remove Obstacles In order to ease employees resistance to changes, leader should avoid having resistance to employees resistance. Leader should be willing to listen and understand employees difficulties and find a way to help them walk through it. In Virgin Media case, Richard Branson provided clear instructions to all employees, and went to the front-line in person to listen to employees. He allocated necessary resources to them and tried to create a learning environment, in order to improve performance. Create Short-term Wins Celebrations for short-term wins would be the easiest and most efficient way to prove that we are doing the right things and we are doing things right. It is not only for motivating employees passion of working, but also for gaining trust. In Virgin Medias case, leader should recognize and reward people for their excellent performance and making changes happen, and encourage them to keep on working positively. Build on the Change Kotter believes that it is very important for leaders to avoid celebrating too early and being complacent about current short-term success. There would be always rooms for improvement. In Virgin Medias Case, Richard Branson kept on producing and developing new products and services, and tracking on employees performances all the time. He went through daily operations in details in person to seek for ways of improvements. Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture Formalising the changes and including them as part of organisations culture would be the last step of change management process. This step can be considered as a closure and promotion. In Virgin Medias case, Richard Branson announced Virgin Groups success to the public all the time through different kind of channels, such as TV, radio, Virgin websites, blogs, magazines and etc. Conclusion After researching on Steve Jobs and Richard Branson life stories as a leader, this essay is conducted in order to gain a better understanding about the concepts of being an excellent leader. Leadership Style Steve Jobs was considered as a tough and strict (even dictatorial) leader, but he was also a respectful leader who could inspire and motivate followers by using his wisdom and charismas. Richard Branson is considered as gentle and flexible leaders, but he is very strict on day-to-day operations. As a leader, being transactional can improve employees performance while being transformational can improve effectiveness. Therefore, there is no one simple leadership style for one organisation. Both of the leadership styles are crucial to a business success. Types of changes Incremental change may takes place over a long time period for development and improvement purpose, while radical change may be triggered by a crisis or a business opportunity and generated in a short time period. Because incremental changes are normally well planned and taken over by pieces, there is less possibilities of failure. Radical changes are initiated immediately after realising a crisis or significant opportunity, so without a careful plan and on-going monitoring there are chances of failure. Change Management It is important to understand that employees resistance to changes are natural, but how to manage those negative feelings are critical. In general, leader should keep employees involved in the decision making, address their problems and seek for solutions, create a positive learning environment and make the change happen by working with employees as an example. Change management processes should be carefully planned and operated, especially the preparing stage (Create Urgency). A powerful coalitions positive support would make the operations accomplished smoothly, that is why selecting the right team member is very important. Leader and coalition should lead by examples, communicate with employees and deliver visions as much as possible. Do remember celebrating on short-term wins and establish big victory formally as companys culture.