Censorship In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 And Harrison...

Oxford dictionary defines dystopia as â€Å"an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically totalitarian or environmentally degraded to one.† In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and Kurt Vonnegut’s Harrison Bergeron the government uses censorship to make everyone equal. Censorship cause utopian societies to become dystopian due to a false perception of happiness, untruthful statements and strong outliers. A false perception of happiness due to censorship causes the society to become unhappy with their lives and to become emotionally numb. The society questions their lives and purpose. In Fahrenheit 451: Montag was not happy. He questioned the governments decisions daily and he did not agree with what the†¦show more content†¦The Handicapper General is used a main enforcer of censorship but is given orders by the government. Censorship is the makes people unhappy, causing a dystopia. Untruthful statements cause people to questi on what is really happening in their society. The government in Harrison Bergeron, tried to kill Harrison off of the live network, but Harrison wanted the government to be exposed and installed a generator to do so: It was then that Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General, came into the studio with a double- barreled ten- gauge shotgun. She fired twice and the Emperor and the Empress were dead before they hit the floor†¦ George came back in the room with a beer, paused while a handicap signal shook him up. And then he sat down again ‘You been crying?’ he said to Hazel. ‘Yup’ she said.’ ’ What about?’ ‘I forget,’ she said ‘ Something real sad on television’ ( Vonnegut 191- 201). This shows that the government has brainwashed and lied to society so much they cant even realize the fact that their son had been murdered. The censorship in this situation was the governments plan to turn off the live broadcast, kill them, then return to a new normal program. In addition, the handicaps are used to degrade everyone. The government and the handicapper general are both trying to make a utopian society but in doing this censorship causes the society to become dystopian. The society become dystopian because they are making

Music And Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity...

Music and Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Abstract These are some of the reason that compelled me to choose this topic and focus on music as therapy for children with ADHD. Medical Aspect of Music as Therapy for ADHD Music has been seen to help many children with learning disabilities as it activates the brain so extensively helping the kid to focus. Music therapy has been found to help the victims of brain trauma and children with ADHD. For the children with ADHD, music is seen to bolster their attention and focus as well as reducing hyperactivity and more importantly strengthening their social skills. Normally, in children who have ADHD, dopamine is in low supply. Music is one of the social aspects that can help a†¦show more content†¦It makes the affected children restless and almost continuously active. The research as to what causes ADHD is still ongoing with scientist suggesting some factors such as genes, exposure to environmental toxins for example increased level of lead at an early age, and brain injuries. The symp toms associated with this condition include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. â€Å"It is a condition that has affected the learning and concentration of many children in school since it is characterized by students making careless mistakes in school work, problems in sustaining attention and the difficulty to follow instructions given† (National Institutes of Health, 2016). These are some of the reason that compelled me to choose the topic and focus on music as therapy for children with ADHD. One of that main reasons why I took interest in this topic was finding out one of my nephews was diagnosed with ADHD. Having a first had look at ADHD is difficult, teaching in a classroom of eight children who were diagnosed with ADHD was already normal for me, but once you see it change the life of one of your loved ones was one of the hardest things my family has encountered. He was prescribed 10 milligrams of Focalin, which is used as a stimulant for the central nervous s ystem. This medication is used to treat ADHD, but it has a few harsh side effects which include loss of appetite, fevers, and stomach pain. Observing my nephew on this new medicationShow MoreRelated Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that displays as distracted, hyperactive, and unable to focus on tasks and activities. Also known as Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder, Hyperkinesis, Hyperactive Syndrome, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, and Undifferentiated Deficit Disorder, ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed neurological disorder in children. Although many children with ADHD are quite intelligent, their lack of focus can frequently lead toRead MoreThe Problem Of A Medical Disorder Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying. Texts incoming. Phone calls ringing. Music streaming. In today’s entertainment heavy and device rich world, today’s youth have more choices as to where in to invest their focus. As a result of these plentiful distractions, misconceptions and lores are developing around the actual, factual instances of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among today’s young learners. Regardless of what these public beliefs suggest, research on the disorder and the scientific method has more substantialRead MoreThe Behavior Therapy For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder At School1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Behavior Therapy for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at school By : Sarah Alharbi Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is one of the most well-known behavioral disorder in children (Madhuri 2015), Which estimated all year at about 3–10% between children worldwide. A.D.H.D is more commonly observed in boys five times more than girls ( Jonna 2006). There is no doubt that ADHD children exacts an enormous burden on society in terms of financial cost, stressRead MoreAdhd Study992 Words   |  4 PagesA pilot randomized controlled study was conducted to determine the effect of a jump rope and ball combined exercise program on the physical fitness the neurotransmitters level of children with the ADHD. Participants were 12 boys, whose grade level ranged from 1-4. Program consisted of 6 wks exercise which included 10 mts warm-up, 40 mts main exercise and 10 mts cool down performed for three times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. Exercise group showed a significant improvement in cardio-respiratoryRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe DSM-5, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is a diagnostic tool used in the United States for psychiatric diagnosis. One of these disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and according to the DSM-5, there are two manifestations. These are: social intera ction and communication as well as restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors and interests. Deficits in social communication include social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors and social relationshipsRead MoreEssay about How School Systems Deal With ADD and ADHD1407 Words   |  6 Pagessp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;29 May 03 Research Paper How the Barstow Unified School District Deals with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) And Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) I believe that children are our future Teach them well and let them lead the way Show them all the beauty they possess inside Give them a sense of pride to make it easier Let the children’s laughter remind us how we usedRead MoreThe Most Common Mental Health Problem Of Children Today1713 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"You really should pay more attention to your work, son; and sit down somewhere. You’re moving too much!† He dreads the repetition in this statement, as it endorses such a daunting task for a young boy like him. In his slighted moments of weakness, the idea of paying more attention can seem so unfathomable that the suggestion alone can be viewed as an insult to his condition. A mental debilitation rendering our young child to the instinct of a baby cub, a bear or lion maybe. A playful geniusRead MoreNeurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesNeurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Until the twentieth century, little account was taken of the special characteristics of psychopathology in children; maladaptive patterns considered relatively specific to childhood, such as autism, received virtually no attention at all (Butcher Hooley, 2014). Today there is more attention paid to children with maladaptive behaviors and scientific research has been done that demands more attention is paid to specific childrens behaviors, not theRead More Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay3250 Words   |  13 Pagesused the term hyperactivity. The notion is a modern one: there were no hyperactive children 50 to 60 years ago. Today, if anything, the term is applied too often and too widely. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) estimates that all teachers have in their classrooms at least one child with ADHD (Simmons, RG. 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actually, hyperactivity is not one particular condition: it is â€Å"a set of behaviors† such as excessive restlessness and short attention span that areRead MoreEssay about Television is NOT the Sole Cause of Violence in Children1115 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in Children Is Not Just From TV Most parents expect a four year old to be very active and zealous, but never violent. However, some children exhibit violent behavior, such as running around the playground kicking, karate chopping and biting other children. The following example is based on personal experience. In 1997 this was the case with a family in Georgia who had a son with these behavioral problems. The parents took their child to counseling in order to figure out what the problem

Reflective Practice Healthcare Professionals †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Reflective Practice for Healthcare Professionals. Answer: Introduction I was born and brought up in India. I have migrated to Australia in 2005, when I was 26 years old. Currently I live in Victoria. I have completed my graduation in Monash University, Burwood. I have attained certificates in the areas of nursing to increase my professional competence. I have worked in three different hospitals and have gained a good professional experience and I am planning to enhance my professional competence and skills to a higher level. I am a fun loving person and love to read books to enhance my worldly knowledge. I am vivid reader of various scientific journals based on health and medicine. As a child I was always inspired with the life of nurses as they make a difference to peoples life. I wanted to become nurse since I was ten years old. I love the variety in routine involved in patient care. I feel satisfied on helping people in difficult times. I am optimistic about this profession as I know I will be successful on pursuing job of my interest. Moreover, it is a growing career. Therefore, I have commenced my career with nursing. Personal interest in this field has become strong after my placement in the Pre/post op medication, in oncology department for acute medical care and mental health placements. My graduation and clinical placements have improved my professional knowledge in regards to illness, disease symptoms, pathology, diagnosis, evidence based practice, clinical guiltiness in treatment and prevention of illness. I have learnt the communication required in the clinical setting. This knowledge will help me in maintaing the health and safety needs of the patients in the health care organisation. During my nursing journey the philosophy which I will stand by is providing empatheic, compassionate, and competent holistic care. The philosophy is based on the values and beliefs instilled in me by my parents. My values and beliefs are accompanied by respect, honesty, affection, and compassion. These beliefs drive me as I care for my family and community. In order to keep in stride with my philosophy I am engaging in continuous education and enhancing my skills. I am confident about respecting the cultural and linguistic diversity of patients. I vow to adhere to the code of ethics and NMBA professional standards. I will be accountable for legal and ethical responsibilities. I will overcome the challenges and practice errors by engaging in critical reflection process so that I can deliver my practice in a manner that will do no harm to the patients. The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm.?Florence Nightingale (Goodrads, 2017). Placement experience record My 1st placement was of 160 hrs in Pre/post op medication in ABX hospital- (put semester and date) In this hospital I was placed in the post operative care unit in a surgical ward. The patients in this ward have undergone hip surgery. I have gained the knowledge of pre-procedure assessment, pain assessment, supervising vital signs, giving discharge instructions, and patient education. Acute medical placement in oncology (3) weeks and Orthopaedic (2 weeks) 240 HRS in Box hill hospital- (put semester and date) I received exposure in this field through interview. In Box Hill hospital, I have learned to direct the patient care involving chemotherapy. It was challenging because one needs to be very alert and responsible in administrating the correct patient with correct dose and drug and in correct route. I have seen nurses struggling to manage the numerous symptoms of the cancer patients. It is the nursing priority in oncology ward to manage the daily changing symptoms. In orthopedic ward, nurses deal with the patients having musculoskeletal disorders. Nursing includes treatment and prevention of acute problems such as fractures, and chronic systemic disorders such as loss of bone density. When I was placed by my institute in the orthopedic ward I could observe and learn monitoring the neurovascular status, care for the patients with external fixation. Mental health placements 3 (160 hrs) weeks and 2 (80) weeks in community placements Alex medical hospital 240 hours- (put semester and date) I received the placement here by communicating with some of the senior nurses who informed me of interview process. I have learned about involuntary admission of mentally ill patients in this hospital. I had to visit the (name of community) with my mentor/ I have learnt about active listening skills when dealing with patients stories or narrations. I have learnt how to ask open ended questions to the patient during collection of history, assessment, crisis intervention, assisting patients with mental health drugs and therapies. Acute medical and surgical ward for 5 weeks in Frank hospital. 200 hours (put semester and date) I have attended the Frank Hospital after receiving placement in acute medical and surgical ward. In this ward I have encountered many elderly patients acutely ill with chronic kidney diseases. In this ward, I was trained on administering the medications and educating the patients and their families, giving the discharge instructions and admitting the new ones. Working in this ward requires robust managing skills as I had to juggle from one patient to another. Home visits have also helped me to learn how to care the patients at home. The techniques that I have learned are chest tube insertion, bone marrow aspirations, intravenous medications and blood transfusions. My professional experience by attending various education sessions and the ward in-service are as follows: Stoma management- (Name of the hospital) - Attending the stoma management session had helped me to deal with the patients having cancer and colostomy. I have learnt to care for patients by skin cleaning, maintaing aseptic conditions, assessment of the new stoma patients, and maintaing the integrity of the peristomal skin, use of the one piece appliance and two piece appliances. Blood safe at (name of hospital)- - I have leaned the clinical transfusion practice and safe use of the blood components in two sessions. I have leaned the risks and the benefits of transfusion and recognizing the transfusion reactions in patients in one session. PICC line management at (name of hospital)- - Experience in PICC line dressing change, addressing complications such as catheter breakage, leakage, and infections with three sessions. Pressure area care management from (name of hospital)- - session on risk assessment for pressure ulcer, negative pressure wound therapy and one session on barrier preparation for preventing skin damage for people who are incontinent Palliative care at (name of hospital)- Had 8 weeks course to learn about optimal care for patients and advocate as per patient needs and goals. I have learnt the prognostic indicators of advanced disease states. Watch total knee replacement surgery in theatre- in the (hospital name) Have gained insights on how knee is replaced with artificial joint Workshop on MET call simulation- discussion on when to call and whom to call for help, skills in transportation and non-technical skills to conduct a MET call in high acquity situations CPR Resuscitation- two sessions on CPR, chest compressions between 5- 6 cm at a rate of 100-120/min for adults Exemplars of academic work With this case study of George, I have gained a good insight of the Schizoaffective disorder. I was able to demonstrate in my assignment the recovery oriented approach for mental health nurse. I was able to depict the evidence based information promoting recovery in the case of George. I was overwhelmed on completing the assignment as I could develop the care plan that promote recovery oriented approach in mental health service. I have recived good score in this assignment. I am grateful to get this assignment because I was able to learn what is PICO method. Before, this assignment I was not competent in preparing the annotated bibliography. However, with the help of my tutors, senior colleagues and online tools I could prepare literature review on Dementia: A Communication Challenge for Nurses. This assignment is memorable to me as it helped me to understand the importance of promoting therapeutic relationship with dementia patients. I can use this knowledge, when I will be placed in mental health setting future. The group presentation on Warfarin helped me to learn the team work. I was a well organized presentation that has fetched me god marks. I was gaining more knowledge on how it reduce complications when patient receiving warfarin, importance of anticoagulant and Dietary precaution while on Warfarin. This assignment has helped me learn tactics of smart presentations. A reflection on Learning Contract 1 Pharmacology and pharamacokinetics My learning contract 1 is based on goal to improve the pharmacology knowledge and the physiology of the drug action and the pharmacokinetics. I was uncertain not knowing as to where I will be placed. However, upon reflection I have realized that I have a gap in the area of pharmacology. Before my final placements, I needed a more clear understanding of the drug mechanism and the pharmacokinetics. It will help me in delivering effective treatment care. My first learning objective includes gaining clear knowledge of the fundamental principles of drug actions. The objective is to understand how these drug actions in the acute care setting. I wanted to establish the various mechanisms that would impact on pharmacology. On evaluating myself with set of questions I could gauge on the knowledge acquired, learning levels, and obtained. I have a successfully achieved the first objective. I was able to demonstrate the rightful application of the drugs in the intensive care units. I was able to emphasize on the fact that nursing skills must be correct when administering the drugs during the critical care condition. It was clear to me that on what purpose the drugs are administered. I could demonstrate the basic principles of care in pharmacology. I was able to understand the mechanism by which the drugs are inactivated and the receptor ligands mechanism of drug synthesis. However, based on my assessment results, the article that I have selec ted for the purpose of gaining the concept of pharmacokinetics was relevant. I have realised that I could have chosen better article that would have been easy to understand the release of receptor in first attempt. I was happy to find during evaluation hat basics of drug synthesis was more or less clear. I have gained in-depth knowledge on the localized action of the drugs on brain, different body organs and the neuro-muscular junction. It was difficult for me to understand the factors affecting the absorption of drug such as metabolism and distribution. Upon assessment I found that my knowledge pertaining to this was insufficient. I have chosen better reading material. I was able to highlight that the drugs can exhibit unwanted relationship with the receptors that may have adverse consequences. I could highlight from my readings that the nurse must establish the patient factors such as diet and age as well as genetic factors. Overall I was confident about the basic functioning of drugs, concentration locus of cation, the binding effects and biotransformation. Talking about my second objective, which was to analyse the various aspects of pharmacology and drug management, I was able to meet this to satisfactory extent. I had minimal confusions in this area which could be cleared easily by consulting my mentor. For attaining this objective, I was able to demonstrate specific patient characteristics that would effect on the drug response. I could explain basic underlying of drugs, impact of drug action on pregnancy and age, and any undesirable clinical effects, and influence on drug interaction. I have presented the classification of adverse drug reactions and was appreciated for work by professors. My classroom presentation on anticoagulants (warfarin) previously was also helpful. I evaluated the learning experience by taking online test, questionnaires, quiz and multiple choice questions. As per my self- evaluation using online tools I was able to meet the second objective as well. I scored more in MCQs and less in online quiz contest. For better score next time, my strategy is to maintain Q cards. Time was the main factor that hindered my performance in online test as I was not able to recall certain words quickly. However, experiences from my previous placements in medical and surgical ward, palliative care and post op medication has helped me in relating with concepts. Bulk of my pharmacology comes from this placements. My third learning objective was to understand nursing interventions and protocols in an event of adverse drug reaction. To meet this objective, I was engaged in group learning activities and group presentations. I could demonstrate poor understanding of the plans aiming at ensuring maximum effective communication in crisis situations. For future I need to collect evidence based options in implementing the nurse responses and protocols. Upon reflection I have realised that I should have used better learning materials. I was good enough to choose the reading material such as Food, K. (2008). Drug Administration. 2005. Food code, 18, 123, for meeting the first learning objectives. Later I realised there are better papers in lucid language. Next time I have to implement better literature search strategy and use good databases. I need to implement smart search strategy. I need to increase my concentration while reading and increase the catching power. This factor was hindrance to completely achieve my learning objectives. Obtaining the first learning objective gave me the confident to attain my first clinical placement. The most helpful learning strategies were making sticky notes and maintaing short notes while learning. Use of flow charts and concept map was even better. Later I realised that there were some good videos available online. It was my mistakes not consider this strategy. For my future learning I would use videos as it is a quick process of catching concept. Further, the use of websites https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com, https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs are reliable said my seniors. These websites were helpful in meeting the second learning objectives. Due to regular reading habits, I was competent in understanding the abbreviation, and medical terminology. These factors helped me in achieving my learning objectives. However, I need to use better reading resources for meeting the third learning option. I have used more websites such as www.merckmanuals.com and www.nurseslearning.com than pharmacology journal articles. I will use more books and journals on pharmacology for adverse drug reactions and nursing responses. I will also have to keep drug name suffixes and prefixes handy. Overall the learning contract 1 was a good opportunity to prepare for placements. It gave me a good experience and helped me understand my flaws, which I would omit in my clinical placements. In addition, the class assignments and group work has also helped in learning team work. It will be helpful for my profession. Performing in online tests and real clinical setting is different. Therefore, before my final setting I will keep watching more videos on emergency care mediations by nurses, to apply pharamacology appropriately in real life situation. In addition, I need to be more competent and dedicated to work. A reflection on Learning Contract 2 NMBA Competency During my clinical placement, I was able to conduct COPD diagnosis of patient. I was able to design evidence based care plan. While administering the medication, I knew the rationale for drugs, the pathology of disease, treatment modalities and appropriative nursing interventions. I was able to use the Calgary-Cambridge Model of Communication when interacting with the nurses and the patients. It helped in nurse patient interview and examination. Thus I could practice and apply the medical interview process. I could accurately apply my medical knowledge. Therefore, I could successfully achieve my first learning objective to enable the learning skills needed for ensuring building of confidence levels among students like me. I was able to achieve my objectives due to care guide and online tools, search guide by educator/buddy nurses, group learning objectives, and personal experience. I was also able to achieve some of my objectives due to learning contract 1. In learning contract 1, I could demonstrate the pulmonary care process during presentation in my class on COPD. I scored above average marks and the learning materials were appropriate in gaining this knowledge. I was appreciated for citing work from American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, and International journal for quality in health care. It helped me to meet the second learning objective of demonstrating basic understanding of how the structure and function of lungs and its gaseous exchange. My presentation on COPD is evidence that I have strong knowledge on the respiratory system and lung. As per my online formative tests, my concept on gas exchange in alveoli and progress of pulmonary disease was adequate in learning cont ract 1. The website https://www.proprofs.com was a good source for online quiz. I have also achieved my third learning objective which was to have basic understanding and administration of drugs in pulmonary care (COPD) from learning contract 1. As evident from my COPD presentation I could introduce the concepts of injury, inflammation and necrosis which include the pharmacology drug action, absorption and drug development. I have learnt where to look for protocol and guideline of the attended hospital; and I am also confident about the IV administration and drug calculation from my previous placements. However, I was inefficient in depicting the drugs used in management of pulmonary care. In some of my assignments I could not meet the learning objectives. It was due to lack of time management and distraction from work and from ad hoc task and lack of skills in taking running note and non-skillful communication. Overall I could meet all the learning objectives of learning contract 2. Despite completing only three NMBA competency learning objectives, I am well acquainted with the role and responsible of a competent nurse. I future, if I encounter any challenges in my profession I would refer to NMBA National competency standards (Taylor, 2010) for the registered nurse. However, I have not encountered any ethical issues so far and that is one area where I am nervous. In future, my goal would be to practice ethical behavior in nursing. As per my previous clinical placements, the lesson I have learnt for future nursing profession is the enhancing effective communication skills. This strategy for future nursing will help develop collaboration with the interdisciplinary team members especially in emergency and medical-surgical ward. In my future placement I will keep asking more questions and clarify my doubts on time with my seniors. It is necessary for building strong rapport with my seniors and mentors and learn to address ethical dilemma in work place. I plan to be more empathetic, and sensitive to patients for building therapeutic relationship with clients. Overall the learning contact 2 has given me deep insights of the Nursing Midwifery Broad of Australias competency requirement (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Since the work pressure for nurse is very high, I will engage myself to work and accustom to the climate as soon as p ossible as initially it will be difficult to implement the theoretical knowledge in practice in future. Professional Goals and Actions Complete a graduate nurse program (specialize in medical and surgical ward) Attain diploma in aged care nursing Become senior clinician in the field of emergency nursing care, and be able to bring up junior nurse, within the next 10 years Familiar with essentials of pharmacology in my workplaces clinical setting within half year from work start Develop both verbal and non-verbal communication skills to deal with patients effectively Apply for graduate nurse program wherever vacancy As an alternate option I would apply for the post of registered nurse to have related experience for professional growth Continuous engagement in studying and updating with latest information on pharmacokinetics and drug management. To be equipped with authentic information from journal articles, online databases with free access to articles Collaboration and get together with nursing colleagues to share professional experience and learn strategies on compliance with NMBA standards Engage in Gibbs reflective cycle method for self evaluation of nursing competencies Respect cultural diversity in Australian society by communicating with people from culturally and linguistically diverse background. It will help attain cross cultural skills, that will help in dealing with patients effectively by addressing their concerns and needs References Goodreads (2017). Florence Nightangle Quotes, Retrieve from: https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/83031. Florence_Nightingale Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2017). Professional Standard: National competency standards for the registered nurse, Retrieved from: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx Taylor, B.J. (2010). Reflective Practice For Healthcare Professionals A Practical Guide. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Education, Berkshire, Retrieved from: https://reader.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/(S(0rzalhyvs20hkfm1pkwuyt1n))/Reader.aspx?p=771426o=90u=vUCIssqYUX8%3dt=1465651284h=7D213516A8229DA17E40F016046B8964B5667667s=25938397ut=233pg=1r=imgc=-1pat=ncms=-1sd=1

Yellow Wallpaper Essays (1698 words) - Freudian Psychology

Yellow Wallpaper The importance of the wallpaper in "The Yellow Wallpaper", and the'three' sides of Jane The 'trio' in Jane In Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper", Gilman makes direct or indirect reference to objects which play a symbolic role within the context of the story and elucidate its thematic fibre, a fibre which revolves around the main character and whose essence is integrated in her inner constitution. Thus, in order to come to terms with the story and draw certain conclusions based on this fibre, it is crucial to examine these objects and what they symbolise within this thematic fibre and obtain a better understanding of the main character. The main object which forms the backdrop to this fibre and generates the thread of action is the wallpaper itself, a mirror image of the heroine Jane and her cohesive selves, an opaque medium into the subdivisions of her own mind. Jane, who is also the narrator of the story and its centre of consciousness, is recounting her domesticated and repressed way of life, as well as her husband's treatment of her as a result of her postpartum depression. What emerges, however, from Jane's exposition, becomes a sinister paradox open to diverse interpretation, for what comes to the surface as a result of Jane's constant obsession with the wallpaper is an unnerving sense that she is suffering not only from postpartum depression, but also from multiple schizophrenia. Her own narration in effect becomes an egocentric psychoanalysis where the fibre of her identities can be divested and detached little by little by the reader, and constant references to the wallpaper allow for this process since it is the wallpaper itself which forms the fibre of Jane's selves. One such instance is when Jane claims that the wallpaper changes color by night: "By moonlight- the moon shines in all night when there is a moon- I wouldn't know it was the same paper." Here, very clearly, we have a juxtaposition of two dissociated identities, with the change in the color of the wallpaper stressing the shift in both identity and role. Jane's delirium is set off by her constant shifting or playing off of self from one ego to the other. At night a different self emerges and, since the wallpaper is nothing other than a projection of Jane's selves, it becomes feasible that the wallpaper should also change aspect as one Jane is played off against the other. Furthermore, in several cases of the disease which Jane seems to show signs of, the patient loses sight of one personality as the other sets in. Hence it would be logical for Jane not to recognise the paper since it is a side of her which becomes disconnected from her conscious mind as soon as the transformation has taken place. One of Freud's theories in psychoanalysis is very explicit about this dissociation. Freud, for instance, claims that systems of thought can be split off from each other and congeal into a secondary personality that is unconscious: "We have come upon something in the ego itself which is also unconscious, which behaves exactly like the repressed- that is, which produces powerful effects without itself being conscious and which requires special work before it can be made conscious." (Sigmund Freud's The Ego and the Id, 1923, pgs. 8-9) In simple terms, repression in Freudian psychoanalysis is visualized as the split between the conscious and unconscious minds. Separate and dissociated aspects of consciousness may exist, but they are in constant conflict. The subliminal tries to emerge on the surface. The wallpaper in The Yellow Wallpaper is 'repression'; it incorporates two planes of consciousness within Jane's own mind, two planes in battle. The repressed and unconscious self behind that wallpaper is struggling to come out, but it'requires special work before it can be made conscious, and this can be seen in the violent struggle which occurs at the transition phase: "I pulled and she shook. I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper." Here the narrator's words reveals more than an intensity of the obsessed mind. The use of words such as "shook" and "pulled" suggest the battle between the conscious and the unconscious, the power which thrusts the unconscious into being. The wallpaper again reflects two planes of consciousness, but as it is divested by the conscious side of Jane, the repressed and unconscious side can take the role of the conscious. Also, the fact that" pulled" and "shook" switch roles in the struggle, with "I pulled"

Basic Info, History, Geography and Climate of Spain

Basic Info, History, Geography and Climate of Spain Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France and Andorra and to the east of Portugal. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the  Atlantic Ocean) and the  Mediterranean Sea. Spains capital and largest city are Madrid and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, a strong economy and very high living standards. Population: 46,754,784 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: MadridBordering Areas: Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Portugal, Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla)Area: 195,124 square miles (505,370 sq km)Coastline: 3,084 miles (4,964 km)Highest Point: Pico de Teide (Canary Islands) at 12,198 feet (3,718 m) History of Spain The area of present-day Spain and the Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for thousands of years and some of the oldest archeological sites in Europe are located in Spain. In the 9th century B.C.E. the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Celts all entered the region but by the 2nd century B.C.E., the Romans had settled there. Roman settlement in Spain lasted until the 7th century but many of their settlements were taken over by the Visigoths who arrived in the 5th century. In 711 the North African Moors entered Spain and pushed the Visigoths to the north. The Moors remained in the area until 1492, despite several attempts to push them out. Present-day Spain was then unified by 1512 according to the U.S. Department of State. By the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful country in Europe because of wealth obtained from its exploration of North and South America. By the latter part of the century, however, it had been in several wars and its power declined. In the early 1800s, it was occupied by France and it was involved in several wars, including the Spanish-American War (1898), throughout the 19th century. In addition, many of Spains overseas colonies revolted and gained their independence at this time. These problems led to a period of dictatorial rule in the country from 1923 to 1931. This time ended with the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931. Tensions and instability continued in Spain and in July 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. The civil war ended in 1939 and General Francisco Franco took over Spain. By the beginning of World War II, Spain was officially neutral but it supported Axis power policies; because of this though it was isolated by the Allies following the war. In 1953 Spain signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement with the United States and joined the United Nations in 1955. These international partnerships eventually allowed Spains economy to begin growing because it had been closed off from much of Europe and the world prior to that time. By the 1960s and 1970s, Spain had developed a modern economy and in the late 1970s, it began to transition to a more democratic government. Government of Spain Today Spain is governed as a parliamentary monarchy with an executive branch made up of a chief of state (King Juan Carlos I) and a head of government (the president). Spain also has a bicameral legislative branch made up of the General Courts (made up of the Senate) and the Congress of Deputies. Spains judicial branch is composed of the Supreme Court, also called the Tribunal Supremo. The country is divided into 17 autonomous communities for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Spain Spain has a strong economy that is considered mixed capitalism. It is the 12th largest economy in the world and the country is known for its high standard of living and quality of life. The major industries of Spain are textiles and apparel, food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment. Agriculture is also important in many areas of Spain and the main products produced from that industry are grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, and fish. Tourism and the related service sector is also a major part of Spains economy. Geography and Climate of Spain Today most of Spains area is located in southwestern Europe on the mainland of the country that is south of France and the Pyrenees Mountains and east of Portugal. However, it also has territory in Morocco, the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, islands off the coast of Morocco as well as the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. All of this land area makes Spain the second largest country in Europe behind France. Most of the topography of Spain consists of flat plains that are surrounded by rugged, undeveloped hills. The northern part of the country, however, is dominated by the Pyrenees Mountains. The highest point in Spain is located in the Canary Islands with Pico de Teide at 12,198 feet (3,718 meters). The climate of Spain is temperate with hot summers and cold winters inland and cloudy, cool summers and cool winters along the coast. Madrid, located inland in the center of Spain has an average January low temperature of 37ËšF (3ËšC) and a July average high of 88ËšF (31ËšC). Sources Central Intelligence Agency.  CIA - The World Factbook - Spain. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Spain: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107987.htmlUnited States Department of State. Spain. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2878.htm

How to Make Silver Polishing Dip

How to Make Silver Polishing Dip As silver oxidizes, it will tarnish. This layer of oxidation can be removed without polishing and scrubbing by simply dipping your silver in this non-toxic electrochemical dip. Another big advantage to using a dip is that the liquid can reach places a polishing cloth cannot. This is an easy experiment and takes mere minutes! Silver Polish Ingredients Sink or glass panHot waterBaking sodaSaltAluminum foilTarnished silver How to Remove Silver Tarnish Line the bottom of the sink or a glass baking dish with a sheet of aluminum foil.Fill the foil-lined container with steaming hot water.Add salt (sodium chloride) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to the water. Some recipes call for 2 teaspoons of baking soda and 1 teaspoon of salt, whereas others call for 2 tablespoons each of baking soda and salt. No need to measure the amounts - just add a bit of each substance.Drop the silver items into the container so they are touching each other and resting on the foil. You will be able to watch the tarnish disappear.Leave heavily tarnished items in the solution for as long as 5 minutes. Otherwise, remove the silver when it appears clean.Rinse the silver with water and gently buff it dry with a soft towel.Ideally, you should store your silver in a low-humidity environment. You can place a container of activated charcoal or a piece of chalk in the storage area to minimize future tarnish. Tips for Success Use care when polishing or dipping silver plated items. It is easy to wear away the thin layer of silver and cause more harm than good through over-cleaning.Minimize exposing your silver to substances that contain sulfur (e.g., mayonnaise, eggs, mustard, onions, latex, wool) because the sulfur will cause corrosion.Using your silver flatware/holloware or wearing silver jewelry helps to keep it free from tarnish.

A Good Man is Hard to Find Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Good Man is Hard to Find - Research Paper Example Flannery’s second published work, the group established a major voice in American literature mainly Southern literature, up to the time she died in 1964, at the age of 39. Flannery’s novels were viewed as critically less fortunate. The story made her famous as a modern master of the short story. During OConnors lifetime, her work initiated different reactions in those who read them. Many scholars and critics found the work consistently grotesque in their description of debased repulsive characters and their spectacular displays of violence. Many times "A Good Man is Hard to Find," were the center of discussions. It was for that reason, the story about which the author herself spoke most often.Flannery saw all of her fiction, including those of the short story, as realistic but ultimately hopeful. Her inspiration as a writer came deeply felt in Roman Catholicism, of which she claimed informed all of her stories. According to (Fitzgerald 90)Flannery said that the stories she had written were hard since there is nothing difficult or less sentimental than Christian realism.A continual theme all through her work was the deed of divine grace in the imperfect, revolting and funny world of human beings. Mary Flannery O’Connor born in Savannah, Georgia in the year 1925. She thenrelocated to Atlanta with her family while she was a teenager (Gooch). The family, however, after the father was diagnosed with lupus moved to Milledgeville, Georgia. The fatherdied three years later; she was fifteen years by then.O’Connor, as a young woman, began classes at Georgia state College for women. A wishful writer since childhood, she worked for the student newspaper and literary magazine, she also wrote stories. The stories that she wrote secured her a place in the University of Lowa’s Writer Workshopfor a master’s program. In the university, she sharpened her craft and began publishing fiction. O’Connor published

Business strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business strategy - Assignment Example Evaluation of different tactics for Leeds University Growth in the business is a complex and multifarious aspect but is a highly desired phenomenon for the organizations unanimously. Business growth stands synonymous to business outcome, which signifies the achievement of business goals, increasing the number of employees, enhancing the value of the business related to the stakeholders and enhancing the profit or the sales of the business. New ventures or strategies consist of processes that are related to the capabilities and resources of the organization (Kariv 477). The University of Leeds is ranked as the second largest university of United Kingdom (UK). This university is a significant player in the higher education of UK and has built its reputation on the basis of quality, volume and breadth of research and education along with its diverse portfolio of research excellence. The university has implemented various strategies in order to integrate education, scholarship and world- class research in order to secure a position among the top 50 universities in the world. Through these steps, they aim to create an impact on the global society. Along with achieving academic excellence, the organization also aims to form an efficient, effective and sustainable organization that would promote a healthy workplace, standardised processes and sustainable environment. Financial stability and appraisal of the university staff is also given equal importance in their strategy (University of Leeds â€Å"Strategy Map.†). Therefore, it can be seen that for attaining the world class position, the university has not only framed strategies related to their business, but has also employed resources that will be responsible for delivering the results. Thus, the strategy will lead to substantial growth. 2. Grounds based on which suitable future strategy are chosen for Leeds University To decide on a strategy, the managers devote considerable amount of energy and thought proc esses on considering and reconsidering the future and the present scenario of the organization. Creating a strategy is highly dependent on the scenario analysis and assessment of the business opportunities. Strategy scope plays an important role in this context. The University of Leeds is operating in a rapidly changing business environment where it requires addressing the scope which presents them with an opportunity. The scopes that the university requires to address are product or service scope, customers scope, geographic scope and the stakeholder scope (Fahey and Randall 23-28). Firstly, for University of Leeds to position itself among the top 50 universities, the product and services that they offer plays a significant role. The product and services that is education should be as such, that it develops outstanding scholars and graduates. Hence, the primary focus should be on methods to enhance the product to make it better. Secondly, in case of the customer scope that is the s tudents, the university should deliver their education in such ways that high quality students are developed who in turn will impact the global society. Thirdly, geographic scope is an important parameter for the success of the university. In order to create an impact on the global front, internationalization of the university is very important. This requires expansion of its geographic limits. Lastly, maximization of stakeholder’s value and meeting their expectations are significant for sustainability of the organizati

Reply of an Invitation Essay Example for Free

Reply of an Invitation Essay Thank you for the invitation to the Chinese National Day. It will be a wonderful opportunity to meet you all. I am very much happy that sharing the happiness and being a speaker at an upcoming dinner at Government House. Globally speaking, China is known as one of the world’s fastest growing economies. Due to the fact that the potential of China has been currently realized, trading with China becomes a major trend in the world. Especially in terms of the I. T. industry because of the large amount of population and rapid development of internet lead China to become the most powerful country in the world. Therefore, I am going to share the knowledge and views of dealing with China I. T. , in accordance to my experiences. Also, a funny but short video, which is created by the team of resource and development from our organization, would be kindly played for briefly introducing the relationship between China and I. T. and emphasizing the celebration of the Chinese National Day. Additionally, I would like to get more information in order to enrich the content and enhance the interest of the speech. First, it would be graceful to know more about the category of audience as well as special guests if any. A successful speech is critically depending on the responses of audience. I would like to give you all a meaningful speech. Moreover, the duration of the speech is an essential part of a speech. Though I understand the programs on that day would be tight. Thus, my time management should be fine tune. I am looking forward to a joyous and meaningful celebration for the Chinese National Day.

Prejudice :: essays research papers

Prejudice, the act of judging someone based on outward appearance or social standing. In the 1960’s Harper Lee wrote a book called To Kill a Mockingbird, about prejudice and how hard the times were. In To Kill a Mockingbird, there are many examples of prejudice showing how morally wrong it was. There are several examples of prejudice in the book: Tom Robinson because he is African American, Boo Radley because of his standing in their society, and the Cunningham Family because of how poor they were. The following paragraphs will discuss these examples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Robinson was one example of prejudice because he was African American. â€Å"‘You felt sorry for her? You felt sorry for her?’ Mr. Gilmer was ready to rise to the ceiling† (Lee, 197). This is when Tom Robinson is on trial for being falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell. The people thought it was not right for Tom Robinson to feel sorry for Mayella because he was black and she was white. â€Å"Tom, did you rape Mayella Ewell?† (Lee, 196) The fact that Tom was even brought on trial was an act of prejudice. In courts today the case wouldn’t even had made it to court and here they are accusing him anyways. Tom Robinson being convicted was the biggest act of prejudice in his case. There was no evidence against him to convict him with. The only reason he was convicted was because it was a white jury and he was African American. These were examples of racial prejudice which was very prevalent in those times; also common was social prejudice, as in the Cunningham’s case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cunningham family was an example of social prejudice because they were poor. â€Å"Miss Caroline, he’s a Cunningham† (Lee, 20). This is when they are in class and Miss Caroline is trying to give him lunch money. Scout tells her he is poor and won’t be able to pay her back and is too proud to take it. â€Å"He ain’t company, Cal, he’s just a Cunningham† (Lee, 25). They invited Walter back to the house for lunch and he poured syrup all over his food and Scout gets on his case about it. Cal tells her she shouldn’t do that and she implies that it doesn’t matter what they say to him he is just a Cunningham, she is being prejudiced because she knows he is poor. Another reason people are prejudiced to the Cunninghams is because they have to pay with crops.

Physical Privacy Rights in the Workplace

Physical Privacy rights in the workplace As soon as you raise your right hand in the Military you lose many rights. Just to name a few; the right to wear your hair long; grow a beard and or a full mustache; the right to attend a political rally; the right to express your first amendment rights, and many others. There are some I agree with and some I don’t; never the less I support the military’s general reasoning. I support the right to privacy, and the military in most cases try to comply with the privacy of individuals. One is drug testing. We are human and I understand that some folks have weaker will than others.I have witnessed good men and women in the military lose their careers over the use of drugs. I agree with drug testing and everyone in the military should be drug free. There are many factors in my reasoning. There is espionage. Some may do anything for drugs; even give up their Government’s secrets. Safety is another factor; weather they work with w eapons or machines the risk level is much higher with someone who is impaired. On another note I believe in the privacy of an individual that tests positive for drugs. The word always seems to get out to others.I agree that we can say to other Soldiers that an individual tested positive and will be dealt with legally, as a deterrent for others. But to have everyone know who the individual was and what drug they tested positive for is just wrong. In the past they use to ask what medications are you currently taking? That is a private matter of the individual. If the Soldier tests positive for a controlled substance that happens to be prescribed medication, all the Soldier needs to do is provide proof. Now they do not ask that question anymore. So they have yielded to the right of privacy in that perspective.They still need to work on the privacy for the ones that come up positive. There are many ongoing issues that spark controversy from time to time. Another is tattoos and body pier cing. Now day’s tattoos and body piercing are more common then when I was growing up, especially with today’s youth. For them it’s like a sign of maturity. Even so that the Army and other Armed Forces have relaxed their entrance requirements and allow tattoos on forearms, necks, and legs. However, the Army will still not accept any gang related, or racist tattoos. If a Soldier is caught with any of these tattoos they will be discharged from the military.Body piercing also is prohibited. I see more new Soldiers with tattoos then I ever seen in my career. What does this do to us old timers? It makes us think that the old known â€Å"good order and discipline† is slowly fading. I see young male Soldiers with earring holes in their ears. I even caught a young Soldier wearing an earring on duty. I told him he had five seconds to take it off or else†¦ He complied. I believe that this is today’s norm, but is society slowly slipping too far? How about going to a lawyer’s office and seeing a lawyer with an earring and tattoo on his neck? I’ve seen lawyers with earrings before.But how professional is this? I personally would not like to be represented by someone like that. A judge may discriminate and it may cause someone to lose a case. Other issues are perception. Looking at someone with multiple tattoos may give people a bad first impression on an individual. These young Soldiers will someday leave the Army and look for a job. The tattoos may cause them a job. They can be highly qualified, but they are still subject to discrimination. When I see a young Soldier saying that he or she is going to get a tattoo, I tell them to think about it real well. Think of how it may affect their future.

Includes recommendations for banking in China Essay

The bank is progressively upgrading its services and is attempting to match the best practices in the banking industry. This is evident from its Factoring programme for businesses. This enables business people to assign receivables to Bank of China and in turn they are provided with all facilities for collection, finance of trade, risk control and ledger sales management. In addition there is easy finance on production of delivery of goods, provision of capital at low cost, protection of credit to the seller despite any financial difficulty of the buyer, thus in some cases it will be the buyer also who will be benefiting along with the seller in case Factoring is undertaken. The Factoring services include export and import factoring as well export and domestic invoice discounting and domestic full factoring. Being the first and the largest factoring services provider in China’s banking sector, it has build extensive experience in this field and therefore will provide assured services. (Factoring, 2006). BOC has developed partnerships with large state held Chinese corporations such as the oil and petroleum company China National Petroleum Corporation. This will add value to its global business and create partnerships for growth. Security and risk management in Bank of China is dependent on its corporate governance policy. This is determined and controlled by the board of directors which oversees the overall operation and administration. As per standard norms of banks, committees are appointed to supervise various banking functions which include those for strategic planning, audit, risk management, personnel and remuneration and transaction controls. (Governance, 2006). The various stake holders in the bank include apart from the state government, the share holders, a board of directors, in which the posts of Chairman and President are said to be separate, a board o f supervisors and senior management. (Governance, 2006). The large quantum of non performing assets and a state control however does not immediately contribute to confidence in this area. The Bank is prone to provide for areas which are determined by the Central government and to that extent its policies are not ruled by the needs of ensuring profitability and efficiency. The picture in China is however continuously changing and greater progress in this sphere is anticipated in the future. HSBC exploits it legacy of banking in China to effect as it has been present in the Middle Kingdom since 1865. (HSBC China, 2006). The Bank provides the customers the advantage of being a single banker for domestic as well as foreign banking services thereby providing it convenience, speed, security and assurance. (HSBC China, 2006). HSBC is seen to operate at an entirely different level. The products, services and processes for the customers have been well established by the bank. It is now marketing these facilities to provide growth both in the personal and business banking sectors. Modern banking as practiced by HSBC is not only creating facilities such as automated teller and cash machines but actually recognizing the benefits of customers using these. This leads banks as HSBC to sponsor various gift schemes for users who use cash machines or pay their bills online. This indicates that services are not mere conveniences but offers which enable the bank to actually increase its efficiency. Then there are services such as money managers for the business, high interest deposit bonds, money market account and clients deposit account which enables pooling of money in a single account. HSBC also manages pensions of employers for a business as well for individuals. For business there are other factilities that are being provided such as business internet banking as well as HSBCnet which provides larger companies with a complete range of services on the internet, invoice finance, Against the internal growth outlook of Bank of China, HSBC is seeking more challenges externally as the Worlds local bank and is investing in many developing countries such as Vietnam, Saudi Arabia and even Iraq. (Schuman, 2006). The low penetration of modern banking systems services for example credit cards in China which for a 1. 3 billion population has only 10 million card holders has promised greater possibility and scope for banks such as HSBC. While HSBC sees itself as the Worlds local bank, the BOC wants to seek primacy in Chinese banking by providing assistance in doing business globally. Thus there is a difference in the focus of both the banks. This also underlines an essential difference in the states of the Chinese banking industry vis a vis global banking conglomerates as HSBC. The Chinese banking industry is still in its nascence and thus sees itself as a provider of financial services to its domestic clientele be it personal or corporate to operate internationally. On the other hand HSBC sees itself as a bank for global banking regardless of the nationality of its clients. The Bank of China will have to face these challenges in the future in a very cohesive manner. Bank of China is well established domestically as well as globally. It can conduct sustained operations as it has adequate experience and exposure to varied political, economic and financial regimes. The global orientation of the bank is particularly favorable for its sustained growth and expansion in the future. It can thus provide the lead to other banks in China.

King Pakal of Palenque

King Pakal of Palenque Kinich Jahahb Pakal (Resplendent Shield) was ruler of the Maya city of Palenque from 615 A.D. to his death in 683. He is usually known simply as Pakal or Pakal I to differentiate him from later rulers of that name. When he came to the throne of Palenque, it was an embattled, destroyed city, but during his long and steady reign it became the most powerful city-state in the western Maya lands. When he died, he was buried in a glorious tomb in the Temple of the Inscriptions in Palenque: his funeral mask and finely carved sarcophagus lid, priceless pieces of Maya art, are only two of the many wonders found in his crypt. Pakals Lineage Pakal, who ordered the construction of his own tomb, painstakingly detailed his royal lineage and deeds in finely carved glyphs in the Temple of the Inscriptions and elsewhere in Palenque. Pakal was born on March 23, 603; his mother Sak Kuk was of the Palenque royal family, and his father Kan Mo Hix came from a family of lesser nobility. Pakals great-grandmother, Yohl Iknal, ruled Palenque from 583-604. When Yohl Iknal died, her two sons, Ajen Yohl Mat and Janahb Pakal I, shared ruling duties until both died at different times in 612 A.D. Janahb Pakal was the father of Sak Kuk, mother of the future King Pakal. Pakals Chaotic Childhood Young Pakal grew up in difficult times. Before he was even born, Palenque was locked in a struggle with the powerful Kaan dynasty, which was based in Calakmul. In 599, Palenque was attacked by Kaan allies from Santa Elena and the Palenque rulers were forced to flee the city. In 611, the Kaan dynasty attacked Palenque again. This time, the city was destroyed and the leadership once again forced into exile. The Palenque rulers set themselves up at Tortuguero in 612 under the leadership of Ik Muuy Mawaan I, but a breakaway group, led by Pakals parents, returned to Palenque. Pakal himself was crowned by his mothers hand on July 26, 615 A.D. He was barely twelve years old. His parents served as regents to the young king and as trusted advisors until they passed away decades later (his mother in 640 and his father in 642). A Time of Violence Pakal was a steady ruler but his time as king was far from peaceful. The Kaan dynasty had not forgotten about Palenque, and the rival exile faction at Tortuguero made frequent war upon Pakals people as well. On June 1, 644, Bahlam Ajaw, ruler of the rival faction at Tortuguero, ordered an attack on the town of Ux Te Kuh. The town, birthplace of Pakals wife Ix Tzak-bu Ajaw, was allied with Palenque: the lords of Tortuguero would attack the same town a second time in 655. In 649, Tortuguero attacked Moyoop and Coyalcalco, also Palenque allies. In 659, Pakal took the initiative and ordered an invasion of the Kaan allies at Pomona and Santa Elena. The warriors of Palenque were victorious and returned home with the leaders of Pomona and Santa Elena as well as a dignitary of some sort from Piedras Negras, also an ally of Calakmul. The three foreign leaders were ceremoniously sacrificed to the god Kawill. This great victory gave Pakal and his people some breathing room, although his reign w ould never be completely peaceful. He of the Five Houses of the Terraced Building Pakal not only solidified and extended Palenques influence, he also expanded the city itself. Many great buildings were improved, built or begun during Pakals reign. Sometime around 650 A.D., Pakal ordered the expansion of the so-called Palace. He ordered aqueducts (some of which still work) as well as the expansion of buildings A,B,C and E of the palace complex. For this construction he was remembered with the title   He of the Five Houses of the Terraced Building Building E was built as a monument to his forebears and Building C features a hieroglyphic stairway which glorifies the campaign of 659 A.D. and the prisoners which were taken. The so-called Forgotten Temple was built to house the remains of Pakals parents. Pakal also ordered the construction of Temple 13, home of the tomb of the Red Queen, generally believed to be Ix Tzak-bu Ajaw, Pakals wife. Most importantly, Pakal ordered the construction of his own tomb: the Temple of the Inscriptions. Pakals Line In 626 A.D., Pakals soon-to-be wife Ix Tzak-bu Ajaw arrived at Palenque from the city of Ux Te Kuh. Pakal would have several children, including his heir and successor, Kinich Kan Bahlam. His line would rule Palenque for decades until the city was abandoned sometime after 799 A.D., which is the date of the last known inscription at the city. At least two of his descendants adopted the name Pakal as part of their royal titles, indicating the high regard the citizens of Palenque held him even long after his death. Pakals Tomb Pakal died on July 31, 683 and was entombed in the Temple of the Inscriptions. Fortunately, his tomb was never discovered by looters but was instead excavated by archaeologists under the direction of Dr. Alberto Ruz Lhuiller in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Pakals body was entombed deep in the temple, down some stairways which were later sealed off. His burial chamber features nine warrior figures painted on the walls, representing the nine levels of the afterlife. His crypt contains many glyphs describing his line and accomplishments. His great carved stone sarcophagus lid is one of the marvels of Mesoamerican art: it shows Pakal being reborn as the god Unen-Kawill. Inside the crypt were the crumbling remains of Pakals body and many treasures, including Pakals jade funeral mask, another priceless piece of Maya art.    Legacy of King Pakal In a sense, Pakal continued to govern Palenque long after his death. Pakals son Kinich Kan Bahlam ordered his fathers likeness carved into stone tablets as if he were leading certain ceremonies. Pakals grandson Kinich Ahkal Mo Nahb ordered an image of Pakal carved into a throne on Temple Twenty-one of Palenque. To the Maya of Palenque, Pakal was a great leader whose long realm was a time of expansion of tribute and influence, even if it was marked by frequent wars and battles with neighboring city-states. Pakals greatest legacy, however, is undoubtedly to historians. Pakals tomb was a treasure trove about the ancient Maya; archaeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma considers it one of the six most important archaeological finds of all time. The many glyphs and in the Temple of the Inscriptions are among the only surviving written records of the Maya. Sources: Bernal Romero, Guillermo. Kinich Jahahb Pakal (Resplandente Escudo Ave-Janahb) (603-683 d.C) Arqueologà ­a Mexicana XIX-110 (July-August 2011) 40-45. Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. Grandes Hallazgos de la Arqueologà ­a: De la Muerte a la Inmortalidad. Mexico: Tiempo de Memoria Tus Quets, 2013. McKillop, Heather. New York: Norton, 2004.

13 Funny Thanksgiving Quotes to Keep Fights Off the Table

13 Funny Thanksgiving Quotes to Keep Fights Off the Table Thanksgiving is a time for families to get together, share snippets from their lives and enjoy the company of their dear ones. But what if your Thanksgiving becomes a time for family fights, shouting matches, complaints, and one-upping competition? If you have invited guests over for a Thanksgiving dinner, you can help break the ice with some funny words. However, if you crack jokes about a persons gender, color, or nationality, you may offend some people. The best way to keep the mirth flowing is to use funny words of the famous. Use these quotes smartly and you will have a room full of laughter. Enjoy the warmth of the Thanksgiving holiday with a round of humor. Louie Anderson At Thanksgiving, my mom always makes too much food, especially one item, like 700 or 800 pounds of sweet potatoes. Shes got to push it during the meal. Did you get some sweet potatoes? Theres sweet potatoes. Theyre hot. Theres more in the oven, some more in the garage. The rest are at the Johnsons. Berke Breathed, Bloom County Dear Lord, Ive been asked, nay commanded, to thank Thee for the Christmas turkey before us- a turkey which was no doubt a lively, intelligent bird, a social being, capable of actual affection, nuzzling its young with almost human-like compassion. Anyway, its dead and were gonna eat it. Mitch Hedberg I hate turkeys. If you stand in the meat section at the grocery store long enough, you start to get mad at turkeys. Theres turkey ham, turkey bologna, turkey pastrami. Someone needs to tell the turkey, man, just be yourself. Tony Snow If you think Independence Day is Americas defining holiday, think again. Thanksgiving deserves that title, hands-down. Alistair Cooke It has been an unchallengeable American doctrine that cranberry sauce, a pink goo with overtones of sugared tomatoes, is a delectable necessity of the Thanksgiving board and that turkey is uneatable without it. Phyllis Diller It took me three weeks to stuff the turkey. I stuffed it through the beak. Aaron Neville Its a thanksgiving to God. Its something I have wanted to do for a long time, but the record company wasnt ready for it. So I did it myself. Marilu Henner Its better to pace yourself throughout a big day like Thanksgiving by having something healthful for breakfast and something light for lunch. Rita Rudner Most turkeys taste better the day after; my mothers tasted better the day before. Ted Allen My whole problem is that all of my favorite things at Thanksgiving are the starches, and everyone is trying to go low-carb this year, even a green vegetable has carbs in it. David Letterman Thanksgiving is the day when you turn to another family member and say, How long has Mom been drinking like this? My mom, after six Bloody Marys looks at the turkey and goes, Here, kitty, kitty. Jim Gaffigan Thanksgiving. Its like we didnt even try to come up with a tradition. The tradition is, we overeat. Hey, how about at Thanksgiving we just eat a lot? But we do that every day! Oh. What if we eat a lot with people that annoy the hell out of us? David Letterman When I was a kid in Indiana, we thought it would be fun to get a turkey a year ahead of time and feed it and so on for the following Thanksgiving. But by the time Thanksgiving came around, we sort of thought of the turkey as a pet, so we ate the dog. Only kidding. It was the cat.

The require in the accessory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The require in the accessory - Assignment Example s technological advancement or political pressure or from internal sources such as change in requirements of customers and change due to deterioration of performance. As it has been observed change has gained increased emphasis in an organisational context along with the life of an individual therefore it is considered that change management is a vital tool for controlling change and using it in an effective manner. Broadly speaking, change management is a method that supports change and understand the requirement for change which helps an organisation in overcoming any issues being faced in their business activity (The State of Queensland (Public Service Commission, 2014). Change-hypocrisy is the challenge being faced in the contemporary environment by organisations that involves challenge in initiating change that might be quite important for the organisation. Employees in an organisation have the tendency to resist change as there is a difference in attitude and perception of the people towards change (Urhuogo &Williams, 2011; World Federation of Personnel Management Associations, 2005). The study is primarily focused towards identifying the causes of change hypocrisy along with discussing the causes of change. The study further provides recommendation for the implementation of change management in an organisation. Tesco is a multinational company (MNC) which is specialised in selling groceries and merchandises across various countries. The company was formed in the year 1919 by Jack Cohen and actually came into existence in the year 1924 after Cohen bought a cargo of tea from T. E. Stockwell. The company is headquartered in the United Kingdom and is regarded as one of the leading retailer across the globe. The company has been subjected to many changes from its initial establishment to its present business activity and to be precise change has helped the company to gain greater heights and sustain in the global competitive market. Change management in relation

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Everyday Use by Alice Walker - Essay Example Mama decides to send Dee to school and when the latter comes back to visit them, she seems to be a changed woman. On the one hand, she respects rural life more, as she covets different rural things. On the other hand, she remains condescending in her attitude toward her family. The plot concerns the summary of life of Mama and her girls and Dee’s return from college life. Walker shows the theme of rural versus urban beliefs and lifestyles, the conflict of interests between modern and traditional cultures, as the traditional insist on functionalism, while the modern insists on objectification of the rural life, and the similarities of Dee to white oppressors. Urban life and rural life clash with each other. Mama loves her rural life and upbringing. The rural setting is her life and she is comfortable inside it. The exposition part of the story is when Mama describes her relationships with her daughters. Her relationship with Dee is tensed, since the latter hates their rural lif e. Mama is more at ease with Maggie, because she is a farm girl herself, but she does not like it that Maggie has no self-confidence at all. It can be also seen from Mama’s voice that she is proud of what she can do as a farmer: â€Å"I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open fire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog.† She clearly takes pride in what she does. Like Maggie, however, she does not finish school and remain illiterate all her life. Dee wants an urban lifestyle. When she learns to read, she reads to her family, but with such an arrogant manner: â€Å"She used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks' habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice.† Dee has such as sharp disdain for her own family, because they are poor and ignorant. The story also remarks of the conflict of interests between modern and traditional cultures . Conflict begins, when Dee wanted to take the quilts that Grandma Dee and Big Dee made. Mama refused to give it to her, because she promised these quilts as her gift for Maggie’s forthcoming wedding. Dee insisted on having her way, as usual, and Maggie gave in to Dee, but Mama did something extraordinary. The climax of the story is when mama insister her will upon Dee. She must have never done it before, and as a result, she also shows a precedent to Maggie that she cannot allow anyone to just push her around, especially when she also deserves her own place on earth. Because of this argument, Maggie got her quilts back. The story is written from the viewpoint of Mama. The language and structure reproduce the rural beliefs, practices, and attitudes of Mama. It is a story that describes the simple pleasures and needs of rural people, who are content with who they are and what they are doing with their life. This story also reveals that Dee is parallel to the white oppressors t hat Mama hates. Dee also looks down on her own family and believes that they are not making more of themselves. She sees herself as a superior being, because she is educated and â€Å"learned† about the importance of heritage. Despite her education, she has no â€Å"real† breeding, because she did not learn how to respect her family and their simple dreams and happiness in life. The resolution of the story occurs when Maggie and Mama relax after Dee left: â€Å"

The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal Essay

The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications - Essay Example The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications There are several principles that underlie effective interpersonal communication. These principles should be adhered to in order to enhance the success of any interpersonal communication endeavor. The principles of effective interpersonal communication have emanated from mediation, focusing on the quality and nature of interpersonal communication and relationships. One of the key principles of interpersonal communication demands that people should treat one another with a lot of respect. A couple should enjoy being together and present for one another during times of difficulty. Another principle of effective interpersonal communication is that people should not interrupt one another. This principle is essential as it helps a person to be listened to when he or she talks with another person. By not interrupting others, conversations will become useful, joyful, interesting, and worthwhile (Mayer, 2007). In int erpersonal communication, there is a vital principle, which demands that people should not volunteer others. This denotes that there should be the recognition of valuing the right of the other person to make their own choice. As such, there is no need to use one’s language in a manner suggesting we are choosing for the other party. The other principle of effective interpersonal communication is that everyone has the right to pass. This means that a person can make the choice not to do something, especially when he or she does not have the feeling to do it. With this principle in mind, everyone should take responsibility for their own actions and choices. Interpersonal communication also calls for the principle of speaking, but the speaking should not be for long or happen too often. Based on this principle, it can be deduced that talking for too long affects the reliance on communication as a way of connecting with others. Therefore, it is of considerable significance that we allow others to talk about ourselves. Interpersonal communication also holds the principle that we should challenge the behavior of the other person, as opposed to challenging the person. Therefore, complicated situations should be de-personalized from a personal battle to an opportunity for creativity and learning (Mayer, 2007). The other principle of effective interpersonal communication is that confidentiality should be respected. Therefore, one should develop a feeling of safety, trust, and intimacy by valuing what the other person regards as crucial to themselves. Effective interpersonal communication also has the principle that there may be nothing wrong in making mistakes. Thus, people in a relationship should acknowledge that either or both of them may make mistakes. Mistakes can be regarded as leaning opportunities, avenues for insight and connection instead of opportunities where people should blame each other (Mayer, 2007). Effective interpersonal is not without several misconceptions. One of the misconceptions in effective interpersonal communication encompasses the belief that it solves all problems. Although people may learn to communicate about a problem clearly through interpersonal communication, it may be easy to come with a solution to the problem. The other misconception about interpersonal communication entails the belief that it is always a desired thing. However, may communicate in ways that tend to be deceitful, racist, manipulative, and

Effect of Organisational Support on Job Satisfaction

Effect of Organisational Support on Job Satisfaction Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research is to test the effect of Perceived Organisational Support on Job satisfaction and to determine the effect of mediation of Trust on Job Satisfaction in the two different sectors of employment- Public and Private. Here Sector of Employment acts as a moderator and Job Trust as the mediator. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was prepared and administered to 182 employees working in the public and the private sector in different industries like Banking, Mining, Power Generation and Information Technology. Findings: The research has established positive relationships between the three constructs of perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and job trust for the overall model and public sector employees, whereas these relations are not significant in case of private sector employees. The mediation effect of Trust is significant at 10% for the overall model sans separately in the private and public sector. Research limitations/implications: The respondents have varied profiles in terms of age/ years of experience, seniority level and the industries that they work in. These results may not be generalizable to all employees in other organisations in different industries and geographic areas. Also, a large percentage of responses have been collected through the internet which is not an entirely accurate and reliable form of data collection. Practical implications: The research findings are expected to help the existing organizations in the public and private sector to figure out reasons for decreasing job satisfaction of the employees and devise ways to improve the perception of organizational support. Originality/value: This paper studies the difference in the relationships exhibited between Perceived organisational support, job trust and job satisfaction in the private and public sector in the Indian context. This is one of the first attempts towards studying the employment sectors on a comparative basis. Keywords: Perceived Organisational Support, Job Trust, Job Satisfaction, Public Sector, Private Sector Introduction: Job Satisfaction is a measure of how content an individual is with his job. Quite a few models have been developed in order to explain causes and effects of job satisfaction, for example, affect theory, dispositional theory, two factor theory and the job characteristics model. For years researchers have been trying to establish relationship among various parameters affecting the job satisfaction, job commitment, job dedication and job performance of the employees in the organizations. This is particularly important for organizations in order to improve working conditions, figure out the motivating factors and thus increase employee productivity by creating a healthy work environment. Job Satisfaction is an indicator of employee perceptions and feelings about their jobs. It can also predict work behaviours like organisational citizenship,absenteeismandturnover.Another important and relevant research finding is the relationship between life satisfaction and job satisfaction which is fo und to be reciprocal. It means that a person who is satisfied with his job may be quite satisfied with his life and vice versa. Job satisfaction is believed to positively affect the productivity of the employee which is vital to business units that are aiming to increase outputs. Perceived organizational support is usually thought to be a dynamic relationship between the employer and his employees. According to Rhoades and Eisenberger(2002) the stakeholders share a reciprocal relationship where higher POS is related with sincere efforts put in by the employee to achieve organizational goals. Research findings suggest that professional employees were more likely to perceive higher organizational support when they strongly identified with their workplace and a positive correlation was observed between job performance and POS (Heckman et al., 2009). Our research aims at analyzing the relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. Trust acts as a mediator in our model. Perceived organizational support is the degree to which employees believe that their organization values their contributions and cares about their well being. Trust is to believe the person who you trust to do what you expect and job satisfaction describes how content a n individual is with his or her job. This research attempts to study and establish relationships between the constructs for the public and private sector employees in India. There are various standard scales available to measure each of these parameters. In this study we have mostly used the shortened version of the scales. Research background and Hypothesis Perceived Organizational Support: The concept of organizational support has generated enough interest in order to study its impact on performance of the employees. The perception an employee develops about his/her organization valuing his contributions and caring about his interests and well being is termed as Perceived Organizational Support (POS)(Eisenberger and Rhoades,2002). A meta-analysis has indicated that three major categories of expectations that an employee has from his work organization are associated with POS. They are evenhandedness of procedures, support of the immediate superior and performance related rewards and favorable job conditions. Taking into account the employers expectations from their employees, they value dedication and loyalty. Emotion centric view of organizational commitment underlines that the sense of unity felt by the employee and the values that he shares with the organization determine the performance and absenteeism levels, probability of quitting his job (Mathieu Zajac, 1990;Me yer Allen, 1997; Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982). Social Exchange theorists state that employment is a give and take relationship of dedication and loyalty for tangible rewards and social benefits (e.g., Bateman Organ, 1983; Brief Motowidlo, 1986). The antecedents of POS and its outcomes are explained by the organisational support theory which (Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, Sowa, 1986). This theory assumes that to determine organisations readiness to reward employee efforts and meet their socio emotional needs, employee forms general beliefs about the concern shown and expected in future by his organisation towards him. POS is also considered an assurance of the assistance that will be available to the employee in times of distress (cf. George, Reed, Ballard, Colin, Fielding, 1993). Actions taken by the agents of the organisation are representative of its intent and are not personal motives. The personification of the organisation is supported by its moral and legal respon sibilities, culture, norms and policies. Employees form perceptions based on the above indicators about the support they get from their work organisation (Levinson, 1965). This theory also states that POS should develop some kind of an obligation in the employee to perform for the organisation and help reach its objectives. The role discernment of employees is assumed to depend on the activities that the organisation sees as necessary for successful job performance (Porter Lawler, 1968). Performance is expected to increase with higher efforts put in by the employee and the perception that such fruitful efforts will be rewarded (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, Weick, 1970; Katz, 1964). Job Trust Trust is one of the most important fundamentals on which an employer-employee relationship is based. This relationship goes a long way in instilling confidence and destructing fear by creating a work environment free of worry and suspicion (Zeffane et.al, 2003). Trust has also been suggested to be a psychological state according to which it is measured on the basis of perceived vulnerability or risk due to the uncertainty involved (Kramer, 1999). In our research work we are concerned with the trust within the organization i.e. the extent of trust the employees have in the organization they work for, basically between employees and managers or supervisors. Thus in an organizational context trust is based on the social exchange theory mainly (Whitener et al., 1998), which explains trust to be an outcome of exchange of benefits between the two parties involved. The underlying concept involved here is â€Å"reciprocity†, which establishes the fact that investment in the employees in an organization in terms of recognition, empowerment, justice, support and other favours will always be returned and not go waste (Gouldner, 1960). According the research done by Prusak and Cohen (2001), it is possible for managers to develop an environment of trust in the organization by encouraging mutual trust, and support. This in turn increases the level of perceived faith in the organization by the employees. It has also been argued that this trust (McAllister, 1995) is the key to organizational trust and control. It leads to increased level of employee participation which involves decision making power in the hands of the subordinates which would inevitably lead to increase in mistakes. Thus, by delegating this power to the subordinates the organization increases the risk factor but at the same time, since this delegation needs a bond of trust (Yukl, 1994), gives a clear indication that organization believes in its employees and thus the individual perceives this organizational trust and in turn contributes effectively and positively towards the organization. It is also true that each individual perceives the level of trust differently. So, it is futile to hold common assumptions across all work relationships and thus context based analysis is required. The trust levels also vary on the basis of who is participating in the relationship i.e. at what level of the organization (Graham et al., 2006). Thus, this trust e xisting in an organization determines to a large extent an organizations culture and work dynamics, by influencing factors like organizational structure, job satisfaction and commitment (Zaffane et. al, 2003). Hence, we have taken this as one of the constructs (as a mediator) in our analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction was attributed to greatest possible earnings with the least amount of work done (Taylor, 1970). This controversial theory encouraged a number of other studies to prove the significance of other factors in determining job satisfaction. These factors were identified as communication apprehension, perceptions of immediate supervisors and employee esteem (Falcione, 1977). Also, job satisfaction was determined to be influenced by the returns or rewards expected by the individual and the extent to which she was able to achieve them in the job. (Jorgensen, 1973). Employee perceptions were considered more important in determining job satisfaction than physical evidences like pay (Brayfield et al., 1951). The short form version of Brayfield and Rothes scale was developed to measure employee perceptions about their job and organization (Algho et al., 1992). A lot of research has been targeted at job satisfaction and the turnover rates in the organizations or the employees inte ntion to quit. (Spector et al., 1997). In this regard, job satisfaction was proved to be related to job identification. Both of them were determined to be organizational anchors and were used to predict the turnover within organizations (De Moura et al., 2009). A precedent to job satisfaction was identified as job insecurity (Reisel et al., 2010) and an antecedent was found to be role conscientiousness and performance of extra-role tasks (Nathan et al.). Job satisfaction has often been positively linked to training and development opportunities in the organization. A significant positive relationship was observed between employer provided training satisfaction and overall job satisfaction of employees. Satisfaction with training and development significantly affects career decisions and is a valued factor among employees, thus significantly impacting job satisfaction (Schmidt, 2007). Also, job satisfaction was conceptually established as a mediator between perceived organizational s upport and job commitment. Empirically, a positive relationship was established between perceived organizational support and job satisfaction (Chiu et al., 2010). In a recent study on job satisfaction, a total of nine factors grouped under four headings were considered as precedents of job satisfaction. The four headings included organizational change, organizational support, job characteristics and managerial role. It was empirically proved that decentralization, informal communication, support from supervisor, participative organizational culture, autonomy and empowerment of employees and the type of role in the organization significantly influenced the job satisfaction of employees (Lee et al., 2008). The role of supervisory or immediate boss support was determined to be significant. As per the study, supervisors were perceived as the representatives of the organization by employees and are responsible for acting as the interface between organization and employees. Thus, they nat urally build a relationship with employees. Quality of this relationship was the significant determinant of employee perceptions and job satisfaction (Ladebo, 2008). The use of information systems in the organization has been observed to have a positive impact on employee job satisfaction. In the evolving workplaces of present, the ability to work flexibly and efficiently is observed to have a major impact on the technologically advanced employees. Thus, the installation of an efficient Information System, which provided easy access to information was observed to increase the job satisfaction scores significantly (Chen et al, 2008). The relationship between POS and Job Satisfaction POS is related to, yet different form the constructs like job satisfaction. POS is determined to have a strong influence on employee reactions to their jobs on various dimensions, including job satisfaction, job involvement and job commitment (Rhoades, 2002). As per the norms of reciprocity, an employee would react positively to good treatment from the supervisor or immediate boss. As the immediate boss is the direct representative of the organisation, a fair treatment from him would be seen to be organisational support and would encourage employees to go beyond their normal call of duty to reciprocate the good treatment (Rousseau, 1989). POS is defined as the perception which employees have of how much the organization values them, their contributions or cares about them. High POS would meet psychological needs of employees, e.g. approval, esteem and social identity needs. It would also motivate the employees by raising the expectations of rewards on above average or above expected performance (Eisenberger et al., 1986). Percieved organisational support has a positive relationship with psychological well being which is defined in terms of job satisfaction and life satisfaction. This relationship is mediated by effective commitment (Meyer et al., 2002). POS is most often observed to be positively related with organizational commitment (Shore et al., 1991). However, POS is still distinct from organisational commitment because while POS measures the extent to which organisation cares about its employees as per their perceptions, organisational commitment measures the extent to which employees see themselves as being committed to the organisation and thus satisfied (Shore et al., 1993) Without POS, employees may be unhappy with the tasks associated with their jobs and may be dissatisfied. POS is affected by the various aspects of an organizations treatment of its employees (Tansky et al., 2001). Organizational support is measured in terms of customized training op portunities and options of flexible working hours. Career satisfaction acts as a mediating variable for relationship between perceived organizational support and employees intentions to continue in the organization (Armstrong et al., 2009). Training and mentoring before special assignments has been seen to be a strong indicator of organisational support. These initiatives give a sense of security to employees and reassure them and organization will help them meet challenges. Thus, they identify more with the job and do it more efficiently (Cuplan, 2002). Many senior women managers have complained of the managements failure to recognise their talent and lack of support and advancement opportunities within the organisation. Women form only a tiny fraction of males in senior positions (Wellington et al., 2003). Such perceptions often lead to quitting the job, which is a significant indicator of reduced job satisfaction at negative perception of organisation justice (Jawahar et al., 2008). Both POS and JS are observed to be having significant relationship with organisation commitment, which shows the presence of a correlation between these variables. Organisational identification is seen to have a strong positive effect on outcome variables like job satisfaction (Abrams et al., 2001). Organisational support however indicates how well organisation takes care of the OID for their employees. POS theory suggests that if organisation takes good care of employees, they will develop a stronger attachment to the organisation (Rhoades et al., 200 1), hence being more satisfied and committed (Rhoades et al., 2002). Based on the above discussion, hypothesis H1 is proposed: H1. Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a significant positive influence on Job Satisfaction (JS) The relationship between Job Trust and Job Satisfaction: Theoretically it seems quite obvious that job trust leads to job satisfaction in employees. Measuring the job trust implies probing into how the individual views the organization and also the bond he has with the organization (Perry et al., 2007). Many researchers have reported a positive relationship between job satisfaction and job trust. According to a research analysis aimed at studying the antecedents and outcomes of trust (Derks et.al 2002) found job satisfaction and job commitment as the major consequences. The level of trust existing in an organization determines to a large extent an organizations culture and work dynamics, by influencing factors like organizational structure, job satisfaction and commitment (Zaffane et. al, 2003). Thus, by building a high trust relationship with the subordinates, managers can increase organizational effectiveness through improved levels of job satisfaction. But once this trust is broken, it leads to a never ending cycle of mistrust and conse quently an organizational environment, where employees are distressed, insecure and unsatisfied (Zaffane et. al, 2003). And since job satisfaction and job commitment are strongly related to trust, job commitment being the antecedent of job satisfaction (Mowday et.al 1974), such a situation is really alarming for organizations. The job trust is mostly perceived as the trust between the employees and their managers or the superiors. It has been further proven that if the employees show trust in their superiors then the superiors have greater influence on them (Goris et al. 2003). The reason being the superiors are responsible for many duties which shape the career of their subordinates like performance evaluations, guidance in terms of job responsibilities and training. Thus if the trust on the basis of such parameters in a manager increases then as a result job satisfaction also increases (Dirks et al. 2001). Also, this increased level of trust encourages cooperation, reduction in conflicts and thus improved job satisfaction. Hence the Hypothesis H2: There exists a positive relationship between Job Trust and Job Satisfaction The relationship between POS and Job Trust Many studies have been conducted on measuring the levels of job trust (Dietz and Den Hartog, 2006) and POS in organisations. Trust between two entities is stated as the readiness of one (Trustor) to be susceptible to the actions of the other (Trustee). This readiness of the trustor is basically his expectation that the one he trusts will act in his favour irrespective of exercising control and supervision (Mayer et al., 1995). Job Trust is considered of high importance in todays organisations because it has been empirically established that when trust levels are high, organisation commitment is high (Brockner et al., 1997). As per the definition of trust used above lack of trust means a higher need of monitoring (Handy, 1995) and increased trust levels suggests lower need for supervision (Bradach and Eccles, 1989; Ouchi, 1979). POS as defined above is believed to affect Job Trust though there is not enough empirical evidence available. There is enough research available on the antece dents of POS and its outcomes but none talks about the Job Trust with specific mention. POS is has its theoretical roots in the social exchange relationship (Allen and Brady, 1997), in which the employee is obliged to reciprocate to the organisation like he feels about it (Eisenberger et al., 2001). If employees believe that their organisation or for that matter immediate superior is truly interested in their well being then trust will develop (Doney et al., 1998). Researches indicate that increased perception of organisational support results in increased efforts jointly put in by the employees to achieve the organisations objectives (Eisenberger et al., 1986). Research conducted by Cook and Wall(1980) noted that there is a positive correlation between trust and involvement with the work organisation. Similarly studies reveal a positive relationship between POS, affective attachment and expectations of performance related rewards (Eisenberger et al., 1990). According to a research conducted by Florence et al., (2006), the relationship between procedural justice and tru st is partially mediated by POS. Also trust has been found to mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organisational citizenship behaviour (Konovsky and Pugh, 1994), POS is also a mediator of the link between the above two (Moorman et al., 1998). Thus we can expect a possible linkage between trust and POS. Hence the Hypothesis H3: There exists a positive relationship between POS and Job Trust Employment sectors moderating role on the model In this research we have taken into account the moderating effect of the dichotomous moderator: the employment sector of the respondent i.e. public and private sector. The definition of employment sector in the Indian context refers to the government owned and operated organisations which come under public sector and privately owned entities which are termed the private sector organisations. Employee job satisfaction has been studied extensively on various occasions but a research aiming to bring out differences in the levels of observed POS, Trust and Job Satisfaction and the relationships between them in Public and Private sector have not been studied in depth. Since the work culture of these two sectors are very different and so are the job factors. The work environment in the private sector is more competitive, open and result-oriented while in public sector its conservative, less open to new ideas and generally plunged by stagnation in the long run. So, we aim to analyze the var iables of POS, trust and job satisfaction in these two sectors and try to find the differences in perception due to the way the system works. 0.322* 0.553* 0.253* 0.184/ 0.441* 0.439*/ 0.642* 0.096/ 0.412* In the above figure Number 1/ Number 2: Standard beta coefficient of Public sector/ Standard Beta Coefficient of Private sector Methods Sample In all 183 respondents employed in managerial capacity in public and private sector establishments in India were administered this survey asking their perceptions about the job, organisational support and satisfaction. The questionnaires were electronically mailed to the target group which constituted equal number of respondents from both sectors and a wide arena of industries like banking, information technology, power generation etc. Measures Unless otherwise stated all the following constructs have been measured by Likert scales with responses ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Perceived Organisational Support: Employees perception of organisational support has been measured using an 8 item and a 5 point scale developed by Eisenberger (2001). A sample item is, My organization strongly considers my goals and values. Job trust: Trust that the employee has in his or her organization has been measured using a 7 item and a 5 point scale developed by Tyler (2003). A sample item is In my organization, my views are considered when decisions are made. Job Satisfaction: The contentment that the employee derives from the nature of his job is measured by a 7 item and 7 point scale developed by Brayfield and Rothe (1951). A sample item is . I feel fairly satisfied with my present job. Limitations and Conclusion One of the limitations of this research proposal is the diversity in the years of experience of the respondents. Public sector employees who were administered this survey had a higher average years of experience while the private sector employees were new entrants into employments. The difference in expectations and parameters on which their perceptions are based may have affected the results of the research. Second, the respondents in the public and the private sector work in entirely different industries. For example, the respondents from the public sector undertakings are mainly from the banking and power generation sector whereas private sector respondents belong to information technology, consultancies etc. Direct comparison of public and private sector employees working in the same industry has not been brought out clearly. Third, the method of data collection through the internet is not entirely accurate and reliable. References Allen, M.W. and Brady, R.M. (1997), ‘‘Total quality management, organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and intraorganizational communication, Management Communication Quarterly, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 316-41. Bateman, T. S., Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee â€Å"citizenship.† Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587-595. Bradach, J.L. and Eccles, R.G. (1989), ‘‘Price, authority, and trust: from ideal types to plural forms, in Richard Scott, W. and Judith Blake (Eds), Annual Review of Sociology, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 97-118. Brief, A. P., Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725. Brockner, J., Siegel, P.A., Daly, J.P. and Martin, C. (1997), ‘‘When trust matters: the moderating effect of outcome favorability, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, pp. 558-83. Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Lawler, E. E., Weick, K. E. (1970). Managerial behavior, performance, and effectiveness. New York: Mc- Graw-Hill. Cook, J.D. and Wall, T.D. (1980), ‘‘New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 53, pp. 39-52. Dietz, G. and Den Hartog, D. (2006), ‘‘Measuring trust inside organizations, Personnel Review, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 557-88. Doney, P.M., Cannon, J.P. and Mullen, M.R. (1998), ‘‘Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 601-20 Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P.D. and Rhoades, L. (2001), ‘‘Reciprocation of perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86 No. 1, pp. 42-51. Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P. and Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990), ‘‘Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 75 No. 1, pp. 51-9. 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